Body Fluids and Circulation - Advanced (Exam Paper)

Body fluids and circulation - Advanced 1. Water accounts for up to 60% of live human body weight. What is the largest reservoir of body water? a) Cells b) Cardiovascular system c) Urinary bladder d) Digestive tract 2. Why are the extracellular and intracellular fluids referred to as 'fluid com...

Body fluids and circulation - Advanced 1. Water accounts for up to 60% of live human body weight. What is the largest reservoir of body water? a) Cells b) Cardiovascular system c) Urinary bladder d) Digestive tract 2. Why are the extracellular and intracellular fluids referred to as 'fluid compartments'? a) They are in communication but can maintain different internal compositions. b) They are separated by specific structural boundaries. c) They can be regulated independently of each other. d) Because they receive water from different sources. 3. The movement of the fluid in the capillary bed is the result of: a) Osmotic pressure b) Hydrostatic pressure c) Osmotic and hydrostatic pressure d) The electrochemical gradient 4. Which is the best definition of osmotic pressure? a) It is the force driving water across a semipermeable membrane to eliminate a concentration gradient. b) It is the force driving solutes across a semipermeable membrane to eliminate a concentration gradient. c) It is the hydrostatic pressure driving water across a semipermeable membrane against the concentration gradient. d) It is the pressure exerted by dissolved gases in the blood. 5. Water that filters from the capillaries into the interstitial fluid... a) Re-enters the bloodstream directly or via the lymphatic system b) Is lost through evaporation c) Causes edema d) Is called transcellular fluid 6. The extracellular (ECF) and intracellular fluids (ICF) are in osmotic equilibrium. This implies all of the following, EXCEPT: a) There is no net movement of water between the ICF and the ECF. b) The osmotic pressures exerted by the ICF and the ECF are the same. c) The overall concentration of solutes in the ICF and the ECF are the same. d) The hydrostatic pressures in the ICF and the ECF are the same. 7. Which of the following can be directly measured? a) Extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid b) Extracellular fluid and total body water c) Intracellular fluid and total body water d) Extracellular fluid, intracellular fluid and total body water. 8. What is the role of the hypothalamus in regulating water balance? a) Neural control of the activity of the kidney b) Control of drinking behaviour and control of ADH release (from the pituitary gland) c) Control of body temperature d) Monitoring of blood plasma osmolarity and control of angiotensin release (from the kidneys) 9. Dehydration (water depletion) and water intoxication (excess water intake) have the most direct effect on the extracellular fluid concentration of which ion? a) Calcium (Ca2+) b) Sodium (Na+) c) Potassium (K+) d) Chloride (Cl-) 10. What constitutes an effective buffer? a) An ion that can absorb excess H+ ions to prevent pH lowering and release them when pH increases. b) An ion that can absorb excess H+ ions to prevent pH increasing and release them when pH decreases. c) Any negatively charged ion. d) Any ion in high concentration. 11. Which ion plays a major part in haemostasis (blood clotting)? a) Ca2+ b) Na+ c) Mg2+ d) K2+ 12. Which physiological factor initiates haemostasis? a) Factor released from injured tissue b) Oxygen c) Platelets d) Haemoglobin 13. What it is the consequence of platelet activation? a) Platelets swell and block blood vessels b) Platelets burst and mebrane fragments cover injury c) Platelets become sticky and adhere to each other and injured tissue d) Platelets differentiate into leukocytes to produce inflammatory response 14. Why does whole blood in the intact circulatory system not clot? a) Exogenous inhibitory mechanisms oppose blood clotting mechanisms b) Pulsatile flow in blood vessels prevents clotting c) Total fluid content in blood is to high for clotting to occur d) Endogenous inhibitory mechanisms oppose blood clotting mechanisms 15. Clotting disorders cause: a) Bluish skin b) Excessive tiredness c) An excessive tendency to bleed d) Thickening of the blood 16. Which of the following is NOT part of the NON-SPECIFIC immune defenses? a) Inflammation b) Antibodies c) Skin d) Natural killer cells 17. Innate immunity is: a) Promoted by vaccination b) Evoked by pathogens c) Inherited d) Developped after birth 18. Immunity can be acquired by all of the following ways EXCEPT: a) Natural active (Contact with the disease) b) Natural passive (From antibodies from mother) c) Artificial (Immunisation) d) Chemical (Antibiotics) 19. All of the following are part of the first line of defense against invaders EXCEPT: a) Skin b) Tears c) Neutrophils d) Saliva 20. Allergy involves an excessive immune response against: a) Innocuous substances b) Bacteria c) Viruses d) Ones own tissue