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Partition of Bengal (1905)

• The Partition of Bengal was due to geographical/administrative, social, and political reasons.
• Bengal was a large geographical region, about the size of France, with a population 10 times greater, amassing 85 million, leading to administrative challenges because the province was too big and was governed by one governor.
• Communication routes were difficult due to rivers and forests, and the police force was short-staffed and management was inefficient, causing issues with law and order.
• Bengal was divided into two main areas: the eastern region, with a Muslim majority, and the western, with a Hindu majority with differing cultures, religions, and languages.
• The west was economically developed and deemed themselves superior leading to the decision of partitioning being necessary to develop East Bengal's port of Chittagong.
• Indian nationalism grew in the late 19th/early 20th century.
• Nationalist figures gained popularity, made fiery speeches, and staged demonstrations.
• Some secret societies organized attacks on the British, assassinating a officer in 1897.
• The British wanted to control this unrest via their "divide and rule" strategy by partitioning Bengal.

Reaction to Partition/Reasons for Reversal

• The partition date was declared a "Day of Mourning."
• Anti-British strikes, protests, and demonstrations occurred.
• Petitions were signed, articles published, and an attempted assassination on Lord Minto occurred.
• Hindus established an economic boycott with the Swadeshi Movement.
• The Swadeshi movement was a self-sufficiency campaign that started in Calcutta in August 1905, and boycotted foreign goods while promoting local production, and became a point of pride to wear local cloth.
• Lord Harding reversed the Partition in 1911 during the Delhi Durbar as a result of opposition.
• The British implemented restrictions on newspapers and public gatherings to deal with protests, prosecuting editors and implemented the Press Act of 1908.
• In June 1908, Bal Gangadhar Tilak was arrested and deported to Burma for 6 years for making provocative comments
• British realized suppressing Hindus was insufficient, needing to appease moderate Hindus through reforms.
• Lord Minto was made Viceroy in 1905 and the Morley-Minto Reforms (1909) were made with John Morley.

Delhi Durbar

• The British announced the Delhi Durbar in 1911 during King George V's visit, continuing Mughal traditions.
• It was announced that the Bengal split would be reversed and that the capital would be shifted to Delhi from Calcutta to appease Muslims.

Simla Delegation/Deputation 1906

• A Muslim delegation of 70, headed by Sir Agha Khan, met with Lord Minto in Simla in 1906.
• The delegation advocated for individual electorates and weightage which was accepted by Lord Minto.
• The acceptance of separate representation, Muslim-only elections, and weightage in elected bodies improved the Muslim-British relations.
• A separate electorate paved the way for requests of a separate country.
• This ensured an independent Muslim role in policy encouraging the All-India Muslim League's formation.
• As a means to ensure a secure place in by its own means, Hindu-Muslim conflict become present in policy.
• The Simla Deputation became was the initial step towards the creation of Pakistan.
• Separate electorates divides country based on religion, caste, or gender with members voting for representatives of their electorate.

Creation of Muslim League

• The Muslim League was formed due to the Urdu-Hindi dispute, Congress control, the Divide of Bengal, and the Simla Delegation.
• In 1867, Hindus wanted Urdu to be replaced with Hindi as the official language which became the Hindu Urdu Controversy.
• During the dispute, Muslims had no means of communicating their concerns because they lacked a political platform, so a party was felt to be necessary for the first time.
• In 1885, Sir Allan Octavian Hume founded congress for Elite Indians, becoming Hindu-controlled and this was evident as congress supported Hindus during the Hindu Urdu and Bengal partition issues.
• The Muslims could not rely on congress so they established their own party to counter congress.
• The British divided Bengal into East and West Bengal in 1905, in which the Muslim were happy and the Hindus were opposed it via opposition such as swadeshi movement, protests, demonstrations and strikes but the Muslims lacked a platform so they could not counter what the Hindus were doing.
• The success of the Simla delegation promoted the Muslim belief in a political party.
• The Formation of All India Muslim League was announced In 1906, during the Mohammedan educational conference in Dhaka given terrorist activities occurring.
• Hindus were carrying out anti-Muslim actions, such as forcibly converting Muslims, attacking Muslim property, mosques, and bombing, and Muslims did not have means to complain or do something.

Morley-Minto Reforms 1906/ Indian Councils Act 1909

• The Imperial council was enlarged to 60 members, provincial councils to 50 in larger provinces and 30 in smaller ones, and the Executive council by 60.
• In the Imperial Council, official members held the majority, allowing for council members to only advise and debate with no power to pass any law.
• Muslims were to be granted separate electorates
• Congress opposed separate electorates, believing undivided India and that this system was to create division on communal bases would cause division in India which they did not want.
• The British imposed property standards for voting, requiring Indians to hold land to be eligible and this led to 1% of the adult Indian population being able to vote.

Lucknow Pact 1916

• The Lucknow Pact of 1916 was formed as a result of strained British-Muslim ties, and closer cooperation between Congress and the Muslim League in 1916.
• Mistrust rose because the partition of Bengal was reversed in 1911 and Muslim's felt betrayed after the partition was promised to be permanent.
• Muslims felt the British favored the Hindi after the British wanted to widen a road through a Mosque in 1913 while leaving a Hindu temple.
• The Balkan states rebelled in 1913 while the British were helping the Ottoman Empire to fight.
• In 1913, the Muslim League changed its goal to self-government, similar to congress.

World War 1

• The British asked for support and assistance to fight in World War 1 because they needed a army so the Indians asked for concessions in return that was agreed after the war's end.
• Congress and League united and demanded for concessions which resulted in the Lucknow Pact in 1916.
• Jinnah and Bal Gangadhar Tilak facilitated the agreement between the Muslim League and Indian National Congress .
• The concession given by the congress was accepting the right of separate electorates, 1/3 seats were agreed upon, with no law that effects a community would not be without 3/4 member approval on the council.
• Majority of the members in the council were to be the Indians, any proposal passed by majorities would mandatory for the British to ensure that their is minority protection.
• This Pact marked the highest point of Hindu-Muslim unity following the decline of the Mughal Empire.
• These positive relations continued until 1922, marking the only time INC and ML co-operated to make shared demands where self-rule and separate electorates were established.

Montague Chelmsford/Montford Reforms

• In 1919, the central legislature took on a bi-cameral structure of the Council State (upper) and the Legislative Assembly (lower).
• The Viceroy held veto power, able to overrule any majority and pass or change laws at will.
• Diarchy was introduced in the provinces and under a system where departments were divided into categories of judiciary, press, law enforcement and revenue, controlled by governor.
• Health, education, public works and sanitation, were classified under provincial ministers.
• Provincial governors were appointed by the Viceroy and had to ensure British control over subjects.
• Property qualifications reduced but only had a 5% effect on adding to the population.
• Both the Muslim League and Indian National Congress rejected these reforms as the Indians were not granted real authority, which remained with the British. Revolutionary activities that occurred consisted of Tilak of Poona, Lala Hardayal, Silk letters Conspiracy, and the British became afraid.
• To control, investigated revolutionary activities leading to strong measures were put in place with ROWLATT ACT. In 1919, Sir Justice Rowlatt introduced the Rowlatt Act with arrest without warrant, detention withour bail, verdict without trial, and provincial governments order citizens anywhere in Empire.
• Indians became angry due to Rowlatt Act which caused protest all over regions like the British enforced curfew's.
• An example would be protesters assembling against Rowlatt Act & arrests of pro-independence Indian leaders Saifuddin Kitchlew & Satyapal in the Amritsar region. 20,000 Sikh's, Hindu's, and Muslism's gathered at Jallianwala Bagh.
• General Dyer ordered to open fire on unarmed crowds which caused 400 deaths and 1200 wounded due to the Amritsar Massacre.

Khilafat Movement

• The Khilafat Movement of 1919 was formed because of WW1 & League of Nations, the Ottoman Empire's importance and anger towards the British.
• After WW1 ended in 1918 and the Allies triumphed, the victorious countries formed the League to maintain global peace and said defeated lands would be divided.
• The Versailles treaty was introduced in 1919 after fearing that the Ottoman would face the same fate of Germany.
• The Ottoman Empire had the caliphate of the Muslim world with religious, political, and social importance, with Muslims not wanting their sacred locations to be under non-Muslim rule.
• Many Muslims angry on the British in India were arrested during WW1, and being fighting with the British.
• The British ignored the Muslim in India growing self-rule and used the Khilafat movement to show frustration.

Events and Khilafat Movement Failures

• Khilafat leaders like Shaukat Ali, Maulana Mohammad Ali Johar, Hakim Ajmal Khan, and Abdul Kalam Azad gathered in Delhi in 1919.
• They protested the abolition of the Caliphate and division of the Ottoman Empire.
• Send delegation to England to persuade the British not to dismember the Ottoman Empire.
• In August 1920, the Ottoman Empire and Allied powers signed where the Empire was split up but because some wanted to divide the turkish lands more the Turkey rejected it which lead to signing of Luasanne in 1922 which is present day Turkey.
• The 2nd khilafat committee gathered at 1920 Amristar which lead to delegation under Maulana to see the British ministers explaining the matter.
• Leader of House of Commons did not care much about the concerns, the delegation only were hearts from the people and stayed in London until they came back unsuccessful.
• Conference was called in Oct 1920 where Congress agreed to join the khilafat effort to establish a self rule or suaraj.
• Muslims wanted to protect the Caliphate and congress wanted to swaraj so the lack of unity made congress did not pay much attention, the ideology was wrong as the Turkish did not much need the support.
• Khilafat leaders (Abdul Kalam Azad and Maulana Abdul Barry) said India as Dahril Harb forcing Musilm's to migrate, some were encouraaged to do as Muhammad Daw did for the support.
• It was failure as 18000 that migrated were in difficult journey's where 000 migrated and refused by afghans, upon recieving back their houses, joobs and farms were taken by others as they abandoned Khilafat movement.
• Gandhi called of self cooperation when khilfat movement as when protests against the goods and services led to violence leading protests to communal violence.
• Satyagraha was preached to advocate violence with peace for movement with sit downs, hunger, strikes, rallies, non-cooperation, movement and demonstrations.
• Charuri charua was at Chaura Charua when police was fired upon leading police in station fire and 22 policemen burnt alive.
• Nilambur event was about protestor lynched family and hanged in 1922.
• Moplah rebellion was about landlords against protestors turned violent leading 10,000 death from opposition.
• When Ghandi saw the violence calling it off angered Muslims as he lifted pressure from what they thought giving up.
• The British were going to gave it to demand as they withdrew from their Khilfat support.
• No one left to protect it when Natiknal leader Mustafa Kemal abolishes the Khalifa to London.
• No purpose to go on, the British could also be blamed for the problems.

Growth of Communalism

• Growing Hindu-Muslim differences were due to the emergence of Hindu extremist entities like Arya Samaj and Hindu Mahasaba who did carried activities such as converting Muslims to Hindu's among other acts.
• Dayanand the Shuddi Movement was unifying Hindu's and converting from those who tried to transfer religion.
• In return Muslim's put down their Demands and the constitution in Delhi:

Delhi Proposals

• Sindh to be separate province
• N.W.F.P and Baluchistan should be developed to bring it at par with other provinces
• In Punjab and Bengal seats should be given as per the Muslim population
• Muslims should be given weightage in the central legislature
• Muslim League would give up their demand for different electorates The Events of the Subcontinent Between 1927 And 1935 include the commission of Simon, and of Nehru Report.
• Under the Montague-Chelmsford reforms, a commission was set up to decide the future sub-continent (future constitution).
• The general scheduled would be after 10 years from setup in 1919 but general elections were scheduled in what was in England in 1928 which pushed the date on schedule to 1927.
• Lord Irwin announced commission contained from Seven British members that would be investigate the commission and present the adequate reforms.
• Did not have one Indian so decided to boycott because not solved with Indian's themselves.
• Muslim's and congress opposed.
• "Go Simon Go" and "Go Back Simon" was shouted.
• To oppose, Indians did a All Parties Conference which leader was Motilal Nehru
• All Parties, a committee was formed under which the recommendations would be the Nehru report.

Demands

• Give dominion status, abolish separates replace electorate, there were were be 1/4 and Hindi made official.
• In response to the demands the muslims reacted because being asked to let to back Lucknow making the league to forego basic rights.
• To reconcile changes jinnah made the Nehru report, 1/3 seats, in Bengal and Hindu must have pop seats, provinces must give residency.
• Jinnah also had been said that rejected from INC meaning "Parting of Ways"
• Nehru report was no one agreed to as it was failure.

Jinnah's 14 points 1929

• Were released and stated to decide the future with commission and report in decision to not be successful.
• Said the negotiation had some point for Britain congress, formed home lands arguing that both groups had different demands.
• It had many motivated support as jinnah could not have it done by himself.
• Congress agreed to give 10 years which congress rejected to start it non operation.

Simon Report -1930

• Made due to volume even though being boycotted, consisted
• The rights to people were in minorities being set
• Made 1930 with after Nehru given year before not implement its, service riots boycotts

Salt March 1930

• Started due unfair goods, walked to do the same, it got famous which British banned and as arrested.

Round Table Conferences 1930-1932

• These occurred to work on the Simon report to to have government and constiution:

• Was due what power had, to see what labour what going to

• Its Successes:

• Had fed and some princess to go on.

• Failures:

• Due the bans congress, there leader were arrested to stop it.

• Made issue congress were no there with that of others.

• It's Failures:

• the RTC had none issues

• Was Congress there

Communal award

• McDonald had the problems and minorities were there, and the following
• Was elector seats.
• To be given Muslim weights.

Act Of The Years

• autonomy province
• province go the overrule
• diarchy removed
• Muslims were not given much.

Allahabad address 1930

• At address, the people was to protect, leader and for Pakistan nation.
• elections for Indian National Congress which lead to minister banning, and force

Reason League for Defeat in 1937 was election

• league, no how. how
• had as said to thought.

TYRRANY

• Its leaders banned, made events and attacks,
• the to as route
• what

BOUND commission And awards

made and

• given called
• was were had as