Section 2: Emergence of Pakistan PDF

SECTION 2: EMERGENCE OF PAKISTAN TABLE OF CONTENTS PARTITION OF BENGAL (1905)............................................................................................................. 2 SIMLA DELEGATION/ DEPUTATION 1906:............................................................................................. 6 CREATION OF MUSLIM LEAGUE:.......................................................................................................... 8 MORLEY-MINTO REFORMS 1906/ INDIAN COUNCILS ACT 1909:..........................................................10 LUCKNOW PACT-1916:........................................................................................................................12 MONTAGUE CHELMSFORD REFORMS/MONTFORD REPORT- 1919......................................................16 KHILAFAT MOVEMENT 1919:..............................................................................................................20 GROWTH OF COMMUNALISM:...........................................................................................................28 DELHI PROPOSALS:.............................................................................................................................28 EVENTS OF THE SUBCONTINENT BETWEEN 1927 AND 1935:...............................................................30 1937 ELECTIONS AND CONGRESS RULE 1937-39:.................................................................................42 DAY OF DELIVERANCE- 1939:..............................................................................................................48 PAKISTAN MOVEMENT- 1940-1947:....................................................................................................48 ALLAMA IQBAL:..................................................................................................................................62 CHAUDHRY REHMAT ALI:....................................................................................................................62 PAGE 1 SECTION 2: EMERGENCE OF PAKISTAN Partition of Bengal (1905) Reasons for Partition: 1) Geographical / Administrative reasons: Bengal consisted of a huge geographical area, and it was as large as France in terms of area but in terms of population it had 10 times more population of 85 million. This led to a number of administrative problems. The province was too vast to be governed by one governor. The sources of communication in the provinces were limited due to rivers and forests. The law-and-order situation was also poor due to insufficient police force and insufficient management 2) Social Reasons: Bengal consisted of 2 major regions. The eastern region was a Muslim majority area, and the western region was a Hindu majority area. Both regions had different culture, religion and language. The western region was more economically productive and developed than the eastern region. The people of West Bengal also considered their civilization to be more superior. If Eastern Bengal was to be developed than the port of Chittagong was required to be developed and for that partition was necessary. 3) Political Reasons: In the late 19th and early 20th century there was a growth in nationalism in India. Certain nationalist leaders such as Annie Beasant, Bal Gangadhar Tilak (Tilak of Poona) and Lala Hardayal gained prominence. They gave fiery speeches and organized protests and demonstrations. Many secret societies were born, and they organized attacks on the British. In 1897 a British officer along with his companion was assassinated. The British wanted to control this agitation through their divide and rule policy and for this purpose Bengal was to be partitioned. Reaction to Partition / Reasons for Reversal of Partition 1) The day of partition was declared as “Day Of Mourning” 2) Strikes, protests, demonstrations, were organized against the British 3) Petitions were signed and articles were published in newspapers 4) An assassination attempt was carried on the future viceroy Lord Minto 5) The Hindus also initiated an economic boycott known as the SWADESHI MOVEMENT. PAGE 2 PAGE 3 SECTION 2: EMERGENCE OF PAKISTAN Q. What was Swadeshi Movement? The Swadeshi movement was a self-sufficiency movement started in Calcutta in August 1905.This movement was aimed at boycotting foreign good and promote domestic production. In this movement British goods and services were boycotted especially British cloth. Shops selling British cloth were attacked. Piles of imported cloth were burned in huge bonfires. It became a matter of pride to wear locally produced cloth. As a result of this opposition the British viceroy Lord Harding reversed the partition in 1911 on Delhi durbar. British Re-action to Hindu Protests: 1) The British took immediate steps to deal with the Hindu-led protests. Initially, restrictions were placed on newspapers and public meetings. Between 1906 and 1908 editors were prosecuted and some were imprisoned. Besides this a Press Act in 1908 gave the government even greater control over newspapers. 2) Furthermore, organizers of Hindu-led demonstrations like Bal Gangadhar Tilak of Poona were arrested in June 1908 and were deported to Burma where he was sentenced to six years of imprisonment for impassioned provocative speeches against the British. Other radical leaders left India to avoid arrest. Influenced by Tilak, a group of young revolutionaries began an underground movement. The British took firm action against the group- those who were arrested were executed or imprisoned in the Andaman Islands. 3) British realized that using tough measures to crush the Hindus would not be sufficient themselves. A better approach would be to win the support of the moderate Hindus by making reforms. In 1905 Lord Minto was appointed Viceroy. He worked with the Secretary of State for India in London; John Morley, on what was to be known as the Morley-Minto Reforms (1909). Delhi Durbar In 1911 on visit of King George V, the British announced to hold the Delhi Durbar in the line of the Mughal tradition. In this event it was announced that partition of Bengal would be reversed and to pacify the Muslims, the British capital was shifted to Delhi from Calcutta. PAGE 4 PAGE 5 SECTION 2: EMERGENCE OF PAKISTAN Simla Delegation/ Deputation 1906: In 1906, a Muslim delegation of 70 people led by Sir Agha Khan went to meet the British viceroy Lord Minto in Simla. In this meeting the Muslim delegation put forward the demand for separate electorates and weightage. Both of these demands were accepted by Lord Minto; hence this was a success. Why was Simla Delegation important for the Muslims? The Muslim demands for separate representation, election by only Muslim voters and weightage in all elected bodies were accepted by the British. This resulted in a sudden upturn in Muslim-British relations and helped to remove the previous bad feelings between the 2 sides. It also paved the way for demands for a separate homeland with the granting of a separate electorate. It also guaranteed Muslims an independent role in the political process and as a result it encouraged Muslims to form All-Indian Muslim League later in the year. Moreover, the Deputation showed that many Muslims had now come round to the idea that they were a separate community who should be treated in a different way from the Hindus. Their demand for a separate electorate was accepted by the government and incorporated into the Morley-Minto reforms of 1909. At this time Muslims had left the Congress and had no political platform to project their demands thus, this led to the formation of the All-India Muslim League later that year on 30th December 1906. Further, it showed that the Muslim community had decided to ensure that it established a secure place in the constitution by its own methods. The Hindu-Muslim rivalry which existed in day-to-day life now existed in the constitution as well. The Simla Deputation was perhaps the first step down the long road leading to the formation of Pakistan. What are separate electorates? In the case of separate electorates, the voting population of the country or region is divided into different electorates based on certain factors such as religion, caste or gender. Members of each electorate votes only to the elected representative for their electorate, for example separate electorates Muslims mean that Muslims would choose their separate leader by separate elections for Muslims. PAGE 6 PAGE 7 SECTION 2: EMERGENCE OF PAKISTAN Creation of Muslim League: Reasons for Creation of Muslim League: 1) Urdu-Hindi controversy: In 1867 Hindus demanded that Urdu should be replaced by Hindi as the second official language. This was known as the Urdu Hindi Controversy. During the controversy, the Muslims could not convey their reservations or concerns to the British because they had no political platform to convey it to the British. The Hindus were being supported by the Congress but Muslims had no party to support them. This is when the Muslims felt the need for a political party for the first time. 2) Domination of congress: In 1885, a retired Indian Civil Servant Sir Allan Octavian Hume formed a political party for the ELITE Indians. As congress was formed for the ELITE Indians, hence it was dominated by Hindus. That is why congress started working in favor of Hindus. This could be seen when congress supported the Hindus during the language controversy and partition of Bengal. The Muslims realized that they cannot rely on congress for the protection of their rights, and they need their own political party to counter the congress. 3) Partition of Bengal: In 1905, the British partitioned Bengal into east and West Bengal. East Bengal became a Muslim majority area hence the Muslims were happy about it but the Hindus were unhappy and opposed it through opposition such as swadeshi movement, protests, demonstrations and strikes. The Muslims couldn’t counter Hindu agitation as they had no political platform or party from where they could organize themselves. 4) Simla Delegation-1906: The success of Simla delegation encouraged the Muslims to work along with the British in a political manner and for that a political party was necessary. (further elaboration can be added from Importance of Simla Delegation.) PAGE 8 PAGE 9 SECTION 2: EMERGENCE OF PAKISTAN 5) Outbreak Of Terrorist Activities: In early 1900’s the Hindu extremists ( Arya Samaj) were carrying out anti-Muslim activities such as forced conversion of Muslims into Hindus, attacks on Muslim property and mosques and bomb attacks. Muslims had no platform from where they could complain or fight for their rights. Conclusion: As a result in 1906, during the Mohammedan educational conference in Dhaka, the formation of All India Muslim League was announced. Morley-Minto reforms 1906/ Indian councils act 1909: 1. a) Imperial council was enlarged to 60 members. Provincial councils were enlarged to 50 members in larger provinces and 30 members in smaller provinces. The Executive council was enlarged by 60 members. b) In Imperial Council the majority was retained by the “official members”. All these councils had no power to pass any law. The members were only allowed to give advice or debate on matters of importance. The members of Executive Council were still completely nominated. 2. a) Muslims were to be granted separate electorates. b) Congress opposed it because they claimed that this was against the principle of democracy. Congress and Hindus believed in undivided India and their argument was that separate electorates would divide India on communal basis. 3. a) The British introduced property qualifications for voting. Under this law the Indians were required to own a certain area of land to be eligible to vote b) Due to the property qualifications only 1% of the Indian adult population could vote. “Indians were not given any real power” PAGE 10 PAGE 11 SECTION 2: EMERGENCE OF PAKISTAN Lucknow Pact-1916: Causes/Why: 1) Deteriorating relations between Muslim and British a) Reversal of Partition In 1911, the British reversed the partition of Bengal despite of repeated promises to the Muslims that partition of Bengal won’t be reversed. This angered the Muslims as they felt betrayed, and they thought that the British were discriminating against the Muslims hence the relations worsened. b) Kanpur Mosque Tragedy-1913 In 1913 in the city of Kanpur the British wanted to widen a road in a busy market place to ease off congestion. On one side of the road there was a Hindu temple and on the other side there was a mosque, and the British didn’t have enough space to expand the road. Hence, they decided to demolish a portion of the mosque. This angered the Muslims because the British were acting biased and favoring the Hindus hence the relations became further hostile. c) Balkan Wars-1913 In 1913 the Balkan states rebelled against the Ottoman Empire to get independence. In this rebellion the Balkan states were helped by the British who send in their army from India to fight against the ottomans. This angered the Muslims because they were being made to fight against their fellow Muslims and the caliphate. This caused the relations to reach the lowest point. 2) Indian National Congress and Muslim League Coming Closer: In 1913 Muslims league changed its aim from “promoting loyalty to the British” to “Form self- government suitable to India”. This new aim of Muslim league was like the aim of congress. The new aim also cleared the misconception that Muslim league was a British puppet party. Hence, similar aims brought both parties closer. 3) World War I – 1914: In 1914 World War I started between the Allies (Britain, France) and Central/ Axis powers (Germany, Austria, Ottoman Empire). The British needed a huge army to defend their vast empire and India was the biggest supplier of man power in the British Empire. So, the British demanded support in terms of soldiers and supplies from the Indians. The Indians termed this British necessity as an opportunity for themselves and that is why they demanded more concessions/ more reforms / more power/ greater say in the running of the country in return PAGE 12 PAGE 13 SECTION 2: EMERGENCE OF PAKISTAN for their support in the war. The British agreed to give concessions but after the war and concessions will be decided after the war ends. Congress and Muslim League who were enjoying good relations at that time decided to make joint demands to the British for the concessions which were due after the war. For this purpose and due to the efforts of Jinnah from Muslim league , both the parties met in Lucknow in 1916 which resulted in Lucknow pact. Features: This was an agreement between ML and INC due to the efforts of Jinnah and Bal Gangadhar Tilak. In the pact there were TWO Major Parts. First concessions were made to Muslims Muslims by Congress which includes: 1. Congress accepted the right of separate electorates for Muslims 2. They also accepted the principle of weightage i.e 1/3rd seats 3. No law affecting any community would be passed without the approval of 3/4th members of that community on the council. Secondly Lucknow pact also consisted of joint demands made by ML and INC to the British. It included: a) Majority members in the councils should be Indians. b) Any proposal passed by large majorities in the councils would be mandatory for the British to pass as a law. c) Rights of minorities would be protected. Importance of Lucknow Pact x This pact marked the highest water mark in Hindu Muslim unity since the decline of Mughal Empire. x These good relations continued until 1922. This was the first and only time that INC and ML had come closer to make joint demands. x In India for the first time the demand for self-rule was made. x The congress accepted the right of separate electorates hence INC also accepted the Muslims are a separate nation. PAGE 14 PAGE 15 SECTION 2: EMERGENCE OF PAKISTAN Montague Chelmsford Reforms/MONTFORD Report- 1919 1. a) The Central Legislature was made into a bi-cameral structure. The upper house was known as council state and lower house was known as legislative assembly. Both the houses were given a majority of effected members. b) Now even though Indians had the majority, but the viceroy was given veto power (power which can overrule the majority). Under this power the viceroy could pass or change any law he wished. 2. a) In the provinces, the system of diarchy was introduced. Under the system of diarchy, the provincial department were divided into two categories. The important departments were classified under reserved subjects for e.g.: judiciary, press and publications, law enforcements and revenue. The reserved subjects were to be controlled by provincial governor. The less important areas were classified under the transferred subjects for e.g.: health, education, public works and sanitation. It was to be controlled by provincial ministers. b) The provincial governors were to be appointed by viceroy so this meant that British retained control over the reserved subjects even though the transferred subjects were given to Indians but the Provincial governor had power over the provincial ministers. 3. a) The property qualification was now reduced as a result more people could vote. b) Even-though the property qualifications was reduced but still only 5% of total Indian adult population could vote. Evaluation: Both ML and INC rejected these reforms because Indians were not given any real power and the power was retained by the British. PAGE 16 PAGE 17 SECTION 2: EMERGENCE OF PAKISTAN Reaction to Montague Chelmsford reforms: During World War I, there were revolutionary activities: 1. Tilak of Poona 2. Lala Hardayal 3. Silk letters Conspiracy After Montague Chelmsford reforms, the British are afraid that these revolutionary activities will start again in1919 because the Indians were angry on the reforms as they have been denied real power once again. The British forms a committee to investigate revolutionary activities in India, and that committee reports that there is a high degree of revolutionary activity going on in India, so strong measures should be taken to control it and hence ROWLATT ACT was introduced. Rowlatt Act-1919 Introduce by Sir Justice Rowlatt It had the following features: 1. Arrested without warrant 2. Detention without bail 3. Verdict without trial 4. Provincial government could order its citizens to live anywhere in the British Empire Amritsar Massacre 1919: Indians became angrier due to Rowlatt Act hence protest and riots interrupted all over India. The British imposed curfew in many cities. One such protest was planned in Amritsar to protest against the Rowlatt Act and arrest of pro-independence Indian Activists Saifuddin Kitchlew and Satyapal, but to stop it the British had imposed curfew. The Congress leaders decided to defy curfew, hence 20,000 Indians (Hindus + Muslims+ Sikhs) Gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh. The British officer in charge General Dyer ordered his troops to open fire on the unarmed crowd. As a result, 400 people died and more than 1200 were wounded. This was known as the Amritsar massacre. PAGE 18 PAGE 19 SECTION 2: EMERGENCE OF PAKISTAN Khilafat Movement 1919: Causes For Khilafat Movement: 1 World War 1 & League of Nations: After World War 1 Ended in 1918, Allies emerged victorious and Central Powers were defeated. The victories nations formed an organization known as League of Nations to maintain global peace and prevent future global conflicts. The League of Nations stated that the land of defeated nations would be divided amongst the victorious nation. Treaty of Versailles was introduced in 1919.Ottoman Empire was afraid and so were the Muslims of India, that they would face the same fate as of Germany that is Ottoman Empire was also to be split up and dismembered. Note: Treaty of Versailles The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty signed on 28 June 1919 which ended World War 1. Treaty of Versailles stated that Germany would be split up between Britain and France. 2. Importance of Ottoman Empire: From 1548 onwards, the Ottoman Empire had the caliphate of the Muslim world. Caliphate and caliph they both had immense importance in the Islamic world as Caliph is the successor after the Holy Prophet Muhammad (saw) in the form of a person who is representing the deceased prophet and Khalifa is the deputy and his subordinate. He is the central authority of the Muslims. The Muslims were unhappy that caliphate was being abolished, and if caliphate is abolished there would be no caliph. Abolishing caliphate is a big problem for Muslims because caliphate has political, religious and social significance for the Muslims. Caliph also was an important figure in Islam and Muslims thought that removing the caliph would be considered as a disrespect, hence it would be a sin. Muslim sacred places such as Makkah, medina and Jerusalem were under Ottoman Empire. That Muslims were unwilling to allow their sacred places to be under non-Muslim rule. That is why Muslims didn’t want caliphate to be abolished. PAGE 20 PAGE 21 SECTION 2: EMERGENCE OF PAKISTAN 3. Anger amongst Muslims of India against the British: Many Muslims were arrested during WW1 because of their opposition to the British. Many Muslims were also angry on Britain for fighting against Ottoman Empire and that is why many Muslim soldiers deserted the army. The Muslims were also angry with the British, this was because of the issues of Indian Muslims were being ignored and there was a growing demand of self-rule amongst the Muslims which the British were denying. Many Muslims found the Khilafat movement as a channel to vent out their frustration and anger against the British. Events and Failures of khilafat Movement: 1. All India Khilafat Conference: (Event only) In November 1919, the khilafat leaders including Shaukat Ali, Maulana Mohammad Ali Johar, Hakim Ajmal Khan and Abdul Kalam Azad met in Delhi. This conference was a protest against the abolishment of Caliphate and splitting up of the Ottoman Empire. It was also decided that a delegation would be send to England to persuade the British not to dismember the Ottoman Empire. 2. Treaty of Sevres: (Event only) This Treaty was signed in August 1920 between the Ottoman Empire and Allied powers. In this treaty it was decided that the Ottoman Empire was to be abolished and their territories was to be distributed between the Allies, but the Ottoman rebelled against the treaty because it was only leaving a small portion of Turkish lands. This treaty was replaced by treaty of Lausanne which was introduced in 1922. Under the Treaty of Lausanne the Turks were given what is modern day turkey. 3. 2nd Khilafat Conference 1920: (Event only) In December 1919 both the Khilafat Committee and Congress held their meetings simultaneously at Amritsar and a delegation was prepared which was sent to England under the leadership of Maulana Mohammad Ali Johar to see the British Prime Minister, Cabinet Member and Members of Parliament and to explain the Indian point of view regarding the Khilafat. The delegation visited England in 1920. The leaders of the delegation addressed the House of Commons and saw the British Prime Minister, Lloyd George who paid no heed to the delegation’s demand. The delegation stayed at London for eight months and won many hearts and sympathies of people in Britain delivering speeches. However, the delegation returned to PAGE 22 PAGE 23 SECTION 2: EMERGENCE OF PAKISTAN India unsuccessful in October 1920. During this conference Congress joined the khilafat movement as well to achieve “Swaraj” self-rule 4. Difference In Aim: (Failure) Muslims aim was to protect caliph and caliphate and to prevent abolishment of caliphate/ Ottoman Empire whereas Congress’ aim was to achieve “swaraj” that is they want to achieve self-rule. Difference in Aim led to lack of unity. 5. Wrong Ideology: (Failure) The Turks themselves weren’t interested in protecting the caliphate, then why would the British pay attention to the Indian Muslims. It was an emotionally motivated movement. 6. Failure of Hijrat Movement/ Tehreek-Hijrat: (Failure + Event) In 1920, Khilafat leaders (Abdul Kalam Azad and Maulana Abdul Barry) declared India as Dar-ul-Harb (enemy territory), so the khilafat leaders encouraged the Muslims to migrate to Muslim lands. Muslims of India were given the example of Holy Prophet’s (saw) migration from Makkah to Medina to encourage/motivate them. 18 000 Muslims decided to migrate to Afghanistan. Many Muslims died on the way due to difficult and treacherous journey. Afghans were unhappy and unwilling to allow such a large number of Indian Muslims hence they refused the entry to the migrants. The migrants were forced to return and many migrants ended up losing their lives. When the migrants arrived back in India they realized that their homes, jobs, farmlands and businesses were occupied by someone else. As a result they became de-motivated and as a result withdrew their support from the khilafat movement. Other Muslims who also saw the outcome of the Hijrat movement they also became discouraged and withdrew their support from khilafat movement. 7. Violence And Calling Off the Non-Cooperation Movement: (Event + Failure) In 1920 Gandhi had started non-co-operation movement based on his Satyagraha Ideology. Under this movement Muslims and Hindus both were encouraged to boycott British goods and services. Under the non-cooperation movement protests and demonstrations were also organized. These protests turned violent and led to communal violence. PAGE 24 PAGE 25 SECTION 2: EMERGENCE OF PAKISTAN Note: Satyagraha movement-1919 onwards This concept of self-sacrifice stated the Indians should protest non-violently and respond to violence with peace. Types of non-violent protests included, sit down, protests, hunger, strikes, rallies, non-cooperation, movement and demonstrations. Examples of Violence: a) Chauri Chaura incident: The Chauri Chaura incident took place in 1922 in the village of Chauri Chaura in the United provinces. A large group of protesters participating in the non-corporation movement clashed with the police who opened fire. When the protesters pushed back, the police took refuge in the police station, which was then set on fire by the angry protesters. As a result, 22 policemen were burned alive. b) Nilambur Incident: In 1922, in the village of Nilambur, a group of angry protestors lynched a European family and publicly hanged their bodies. c) Moplah Rebellion: In 1922, in the village of Tirur in the Malabar region, an uprising took place against Hindu, landlords and high cast Hindu in position. The uprising started when protests which were part of khilafat and non-corporation movement, turned, violent, and protestors attacked government, buildings, properties, and infrastructure. The Hindu landlords along with the British retaliated resulting in the deaths of 10,000 Moplah rebellions. As a result of this violence, British put ban on Congress, and arrested Gandhi and Khilafat leaders. When Gandhi saw the movement becoming violent, he called of the non-corporation movement. Calling of the non-corporation movement, angered the Muslims because the thought that Gandhi had deliberately called of the movement and lifted of the pressure from the British. They also believed that if the non-corporation would have lasted longer, then the British might have given into the demands of Khilafat movement, the calling of non-corporation movement also ended the Hindu Muslim unity which started from Lucknow movement. PAGE 26 PAGE 27 SECTION 2: EMERGENCE OF PAKISTAN 8. Abolishment of Caliphate by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk: (Failure) In 1924, a Turk nationalist leader, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk himself, abolished the caliphate and exiled the last caliph Mehmet VI to London. Hence there was no caliphate left to protect meaning there was no purpose/objective left for the movement to continue. The British could not be blamed for the abolishment either. Growth Of Communalism: This term refers to growing differences between Hindus and Muslims. There were two Hindu Extremist organizations. 1. Arya Samaj 2. Hindu Mahasaba These organizations carried out extremist activities such as: a) Forced conversion of Muslims into Hindus b) Attacks on Muslim properties and mosques c) Shuddi Movement Î Dayanand movement Î Unifying Hinduism in central India Î Converting back the people who had converted to Islam or Christianity DELHI PROPOSALS: The Muslim leaders met in Delhi where Jinnah put forward his demands for future constitution of India 1. Sindh should be made into a separate province 2. N.W.F.P and Baluchistan should be developed to bring it at par with other provinces 3. In Punjab and Bengal seats should be given as per the Muslim population 4. Muslims should be given weightage in the central legislature If these 4 points are accepted, then Muslim league would give up its demand of separate electorates PAGE 28 PAGE 29 SECTION 2: EMERGENCE OF PAKISTAN Events of the Subcontinent Between 1927 And 1935: 1. Simon Commission 1927: x Why did the Simon Commission take place? Under the 1919- Montague Chelmsford reforms there was a condition that after 10 years a commission would be set up to decide the future reforms of sub-continent/ future constitution but due to General Elections scheduled in 1928 in England the commission was brought forward to 1927. This was because Conservative Party was foreseeing its defeat in the elections and was afraid that Labour Party would come into Power and give in more concessions to the Indians which Conservative Party did not want to happen. x What was the Simon Commission? In, 1927 Lord Irwin was Viceroy of India Who appointed a commission under instruction of British government which consisted of seven members from British Parliament under the leadership Sir John Simon. The instruction was given to the chairman that they had to investigate the Indian constitutional problems and then they had to present a detailed report in which they had to mention the adequate reforms. All the members of commission were British. x Re-action to Simon Commission: The Simon Commission did not include a single Indian member. Indian leaders made them realize that to examine the problems of Indian nation they should appoint an Indian member so they can solve the problems of Indian people because without this they cannot take any decision for the future of India but when the British refused to understand the Indians decided to boycott the Simon Commission. The commission was strongly opposed by the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress, and prominent Indian leaders including Nehru, Gandhi, and Jinnah. The commission was greeted with protests and demonstrations. Slogans such as “Go Simon Go” and “Go Back Simon” was raised. PAGE 30 PAGE 31 SECTION 2: EMERGENCE OF PAKISTAN 2. Nehru Report 1928: The Indians boycotted the Simon commission and came to a decision to hold an “All parties conference” in response to Simon commission. In the All Parties Conference, a committee was formed under the leader ship of Motilal Nehru. This committee was responsible for drafting the new constitution or deciding the demands for the future constitution. The findings/ recommendations of this committee were known as Nehru report. It consisted of the following demands: a) India should be given a dominion status b) Separate electorates for minorities should be replaced by joint c) System of weightage should be abolished d) There should be 1/4th seats for the Muslims in central legislature e) Hindi should be made the official language Reaction/ Failure of Nehru Report: Muslim league rejected the proposals of Nehru Report because a) The ML was being asked to go back to the concessions made in Lucknow pact b) ML was being asked to forego their basic rights of separate electorates and weightage Jinnah made one last attempt to reconcile ML and INC by proposing 4 amendments to the Nehru report. The 4 amendments were: 1. Muslims should have 1/3rd seats in the central legislature 2. In Punjab and Bengal Muslims should be given seats as per their population 3. Provinces should be given residuary powers 4. Sindh should be made into a separate province and reforms should be introduced in NWFP and Baluchistan. INC rejected the four amendments and ridiculed Jinnah as well, hence Jinnah termed this as the “Parting of Ways” The rejection of amendments to the Nehru report led to Jinnah introducing his 14 points In 1928 Congress gave an ultimatum to the British that if Nehru report isn’t implemented in one year than congress will start its non-cooperation movement again. PAGE 32 PAGE 33 SECTION 2: EMERGENCE OF PAKISTAN 3. Jinnah’s 14 points 1929: x Why were the 14 points introduced? To decide the future constitution of India. Failure of Simon Commission. Failure of Nehru Report. Importance of Jinnah’s 14 points: Jinnah’s 14 points provided the basis of any further negotiations with the Congress or British. The 14 points laid out the demands and formed the basis of ML’s demand for a separate homeland. It argued that Hindus and Muslims were two separate nations. The 14 points provided motivation for Muslim leaders such as Allama Iqbal. Jinnah’s 14 points were rejected by congress and the British. The ultimatum given by Congress was over hence they started the non-cooperation movement once again. 4. Simon Report -1930 By 1930, the Simon commission was able to prepare a 2 volume report even though it was opposed and boycotted. The report was known as Simon report and consisted of the following points: 1. Diarchy was to be dropped at provincial level and introduced at federal level 2. India was to be made a federation 3. The rights of minorities would be protected 5. Non-Cooperation Movement 1930: After Nehru report INC had given an ultimatum for one year to the British to implement the Nehru report and when the British failed to do so then congress started its non- cooperation movement. Under this movement boycott of British goods, services, protests and riots took place. As a result, British banned congress and imprisoned its leaders including Nehru. PAGE 34 PAGE 35 SECTION 2: EMERGENCE OF PAKISTAN 6. Salt March 1930: Salt march was a protest against the unfair salt laws initiated by Gandhi. He decided to march on foot from his ashram in Ahmedabad to nearby village of Dandi. This march started with a few followers but soon became famous and it was widely covered by the press, hence it became a source of embarrassment for the British. British then banned the production of salt and Gandhi announced to defy the ban on production and when Gandhi defied the ban, he was arrested by the British. 7. Round Table Conferences 1930-1932: 1st RTC 1930 ¾ Why: a) The Labor Party was in power b) To discuss the Simon report c) To frame the future constitution (most imp) ¾ Successes: a) It was decided that India was to be a federation, and the princes would be a part of it b) It was agreed that there was going to be a representative government ¾ Failures: a) Congress was absent because Congress had restarted the non-cooperation movement, due to which the British had banned them, and their leaders were imprisoned. In addition, Gandhi had commenced the salt march which caused him to end up in jail. As a result, Congress couldn’t attend the conference. Congress would only attend if the Nehru report implementation was guaranteed. The Congress couldn’t and didn’t want to join due to which no major decision could be made as they were the largest party. b) Minority issue remained unresolved. c) The minorities rights were not guaranteed, nor protected which led to other issues for example Muslim electorates 2nd RTC 1931: ¾ Why? Failures of the first RTC ¾ Successes: a) Congress attended due to Gandhi Irwin pact PAGE 36 PAGE 37 SECTION 2: EMERGENCE OF PAKISTAN b) It was a deal between British viceroy, Lord Irwin and Gandhi. In this deal, Gandhi agreed to end his non-cooperation movement and participate in the 2nd RTC. In return Lord Irwin agreed to lift the Congress ban and release all political prisoners. c) Minority issue got resolved after the 2nd RTC due to the communal award d) Sindh and NWFP were to be made into separate provinces ¾ Failures: a) Labor Party had lost power and the new coalition government was unwilling to give concessions to the Indians b) Gandhi adopted a stubborn attitude on the rights of minorities and was persistent to get the Nehru report implemented. c) Minority issue remained unresolved. Communal award When the minority issue remained unresolved then the Muslims appealed to the British Prime Minister Ramsay McDonald to intervene and solve the problems of minorities. The recommendations of the prime minister consisted of the following: 1. Separate electorates were granted to all minorities 2. Muslims were to be given weightage in Muslim minority provinces 3. In Muslim majority provinces, the Muslims seats were reduced Even though, the Muslims were unhappy they had to accept it because they were the ones who asked for it 3rd RTC 1932: ¾ Why: Failures of 2nd RTC ¾ Successes: None ¾ Failures: Congress was once again absent The princes boycotted it. Muslims were poorly represented as Jinnah was in self-exile PAGE 38 PAGE 39 SECTION 2: EMERGENCE OF PAKISTAN 8. Government of India Act 1935: a) Features b) Drawbacks 1. a) For the first time British introduced a great deal of autonomy for provinces. Now each province wants to have an elected government, and they were given the power to introduce their own law/ programs. b) The provincial governor was given veto power that is that he could use his veto power to overrule the majority and the power to dismiss the constitution. 2. a) Diarchy was dropped under provincial level and introduced at federal level. b) Under the system of diarchy, all the power was given to the viceroy 3. a) Sindh and Orissa were made into separate provinces, increasing the number of provinces to 11. 4. a) The property qualification for voting was reduced. Now, 35 million Indians could vote compared to previous number of 5.5 million. This was 7 times greater than the previous number. b) Even though the property qualifications were reduced still only 25% of the total Indian population could vote. 5. a) At federal level, India was to be a federation and parliamentary system of government. b) The princes refused to be a part of the federation because there was no use of it as all the power was retained by the British. PAGE 40 PAGE 41 SECTION 2: EMERGENCE OF PAKISTAN Importance: 1. This was the last reform introduced by the British before 1947 2. Under this reform for the first time Indians were given provincial autonomy as they were free to govern their own provinces. This was a step towards independence and the first time Indian Indians were given some form of self-rule. 3. The government of India act led to the provincial elections 1937 which resulted in Congress, assuming power in 9 out of 11 provinces and hence the Congress rule led to the partition of the subcontinent. 4. Government of India act also acted as an interim constitution for India and Pakistan in 1947. 9. Allahabad address 1930: Allama Iqbal was asked to chair a meeting/annual conference of the Muslim league. In this conference, he presented his two-nation theory which stated that north-western and eastern Muslim majority areas should be merged to form a separate homeland for Muslims. Importance of Allahabad Address: 1. At that time Muslims were confused and unclear on how to protect their rights. Allahabad address gave Muslims a clear objective to work towards. 2. It gave motivation to other Muslim leaders for example Choudhry Rehmat Ali. 3. He became the first Muslim leader to suggest the partition of the subcontinent hence was called the father of Pakistan. 4. His Allahabad address kindled a sense of nationhood amongst Muslims. 1937 Elections and Congress Rule 1937-39: -The 1937 elections were held as per the government of India act 1935. Initially Indian national Congress and Muslim league refused to participate but later agreed and participated. - In the elections in the national Congress won in complete majority in five provinces and formed coalition government in four provinces. In the other two provinces other parties won. Muslim league was unable to form government in any of the provinces. PAGE 42 PAGE 43 SECTION 2: EMERGENCE OF PAKISTAN x Reasons for Muslim Leagues Defeat in the 1937 Elections: Î Muslim League had an image problem. Its members and leaders were nobles, nawabs, landlords or aristocrats who had joined to pass time/as a hobby. Î This was the first major election contested by the Muslim League. They had no experience on how to contest elections. Whereas Indian national Congress had contested elections at local level hence had prior experience in campaigning. Î Muslim League was unable to get its message across the Muslims of the subcontinent as they had no idea on how to campaign. Î Muslim League thought that their main support was in Muslim majority areas which is why didn’t campaign in Muslim majority areas, but the results showed that they had gotten more votes from Muslim minority areas. x Congress Rule - 1937-1939: 1. BAND E MATRAM It was a Hindu nationalist song written by Sir Bankin Chatterjee. The lyrics of this song were insulting and degrading for the Muslims and it encouraged the Hindus to expect the Muslims out of India. It was made mandatory for everyone to recite the song at the start of every day in schools, colleges, offices, courts, and police stations. Even some private factory owners made it compulsory. Hence the Muslims had to go through humiliation every day and everywhere. It wasn’t attacked on Muslim religion and culture. 2. WARDHA/ VIDDIA-MANDIR SCHEME: It was an educational policy which was the brainchild of Gandhi. Under this policy all education was to be in Hindi along with no religious education. Students were required to bow before Gandhi’s portrait and spinning of cotton was made part of the school curriculum. The Muslims were angry because they considered this as an attempt by the Hindus to distance Muslim children from their religion and culture. The Muslims were also angry on being made to commit shirk by bowing in front of Gandhi’s portrait. By making spinning of cotton part of the curriculum, the Muslims thought that the Hindus were trying to instill their religion and political beliefs. It was an attack on Muslim religion and language. PAGE 44 PAGE 45 SECTION 2: EMERGENCE OF PAKISTAN 3. CONGRESS TYRANNY: During Congress rule its ministers carried out persecution of the Muslims by banning azaan, congregational prayers and slaughter of cows. In some areas, loud music was played or noisy processions were carried outside mosques during congregational prayers. Dogs and pigs were shoved inside the mosques during prayers. All these acts were part of religious persecution and an event to prevent Muslims from practicing their religion. There were also forced conversions of Muslims to Hindus. This was an attack on Muslim religion. x How Did the Congress Rule Benefit the ML? 1. The Muslim league reorganized itself from grass root level as a result it was able to spread its message across the subcontinent. 2. The Congress rule helped the Muslim league to unite as previously it was divided into different groups and factions. 3. The number of members grew drastically, and many influential Muslim leaders joined the Muslim league for example the chief ministers of Bengal, Punjab and Assam. 4. Indian national Congress also recognized the importance of Muslim league when dogs between Jinnah and Nehru were organized. This also showed that they now accepted Muslim league as representative of Muslims. x How did the Congress rule come to an end? 1939- WW II started- between Allies vs Nazis When the war started the British asked for Indian support during the war. Indian National Congress refused to help the British until and unless the British gives them immediate and full independence. The British rejected the Congress demands and instead promised to give them dominion status after the war. As a protest the Congress decided to resign from its ministries and restart the non-cooperation movement hence the resignation of Congress ministries led to the end of the Congress rule. PAGE 46 PAGE 47 SECTION 2: EMERGENCE OF PAKISTAN Day Of Deliverance- 1939: On the 22nd of December following the resignation of Congress ministries, the Muslim league decided to celebrate the Day Of Deliverance throughout the subcontinent. It was officially called by the Muslim league to celebrate the end of Congress “tyranny, oppression and injustice”. The Congress ministries were seen by the Muslim league as advancing the cause of Hindus at the expense of Muslims. The day of deliverance was better resented by the Congress and Nehru stated that there was no common ground between the two parties. How fast the difference had grown was soon to be seen. (Failure/ consequence/ importance of day of deliverance) Pakistan Movement- 1940-1947: 1. Lahore/ Pakistan Resolution: The Muslim league match for its annual session in Lahore 22nd March 1940. A resolution was put forward by Fazl-ul-Haq, chief minister of Bengal and seconded by Choudary Khaliq-uz- Zaman. The resolution was unanimously passed with great enthusiasm. The resolution stated that “the Muslim majority areas which are geographically located near each other should be merged together to form an independent state” Many Muslims attended this session and endorsed the demand for Muslim league. Then this was known as the Lahore resolution. 2. August Offer 1940: In August 1940, the British viceroy Lord Linlithgow made an offer to the Muslim league that’s no future constitution regarding India would be decided without the approval of the Muslims, if the Muslims agree to be a part of the defense council. But when Muslims demanded equals seats on the council, it was rejected by the British. 3. Atlantic charter 1940: In September 1940, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill an American President Franklin Roosevelt met each other in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean and in the meeting signed an agreement. The agreement stated that both the countries would fight for the freedom of occupied countries. Upon his return to London Winston Churchill was pressurized by the opposition (Labor party) that if Britain is fighting for the freedom of occupied countries then why not for India as India is also an occupied country. Hence the Atlantic charter gave a push for the Indian independence. PAGE 48 PAGE 49 SECTION 2: EMERGENCE OF PAKISTAN 4) Cripps Mission 1941/42: In 1941, a high-level delegation under the leadership of Sir Stafford Cripps was set to India to convince the Indians to join the allied war effort. The Cripps mission proposed the following a) India will be given dominion status after the war. b) A constitution of India would be decided by a constituent assembly and the elections for the constituent assembly would be held after the war. c) During the war, British would retain control over defense and council affairs d) The provinces would have the option to opt out of the future federation and become independent after the war 5. Quit India movement 1942: x In 1940/41 - Japan had entered WWII and they were attacking British territories in South East Asia and they had reached till Burma x Hence there was a threat that the Japanese might invade India as well x The British tried using this threat to convince the Indians to join and support British army x Gandhi stated that India would be attacked by the Japanese because India is a British territory. If there would be no British than there would be no Japanese invasion hence let’s make the British “Quit India”. x Gandhi’s suggestion was adopted by the Congress as the Quit India resolution x The quit India resolution was followed by the quit India movement, which was a mass civil disobedience campaign. x Under this movement there were mass protests and riots. It was the most serious challenge faced by the British after war of independence 1857. x In united provinces and Bihar, chaos was caused and communications were disrupted. The British lost control of Bombay and Calcutta. x Government buildings including police stations and post offices were destroyed x The British reacted with great force such as use of machine guns and aerial bombing x It took 6 weeks for the British to regain control. Around 1000 Indians were killed and x 60 000 were arrested. x Muslims did not participate in this movement because Jinnah believed that one the British were out of India then the Congress would black mail other parties in accepting their demands. Secondly, Jinnah also believed that the British were too strong to be forced out PAGE 50 PAGE 51 SECTION 2: EMERGENCE OF PAKISTAN 6. Gandhi Jinnah Talks 1944: In 1944, WW2 was coming to an end hence Gandhi was released from jail. After his release Gandhi met with Jinnah in Bombay. A series of meetings took place followed by letters exchanged. These talks eventually failed for the following reasons a) Gandhi gave the impression that he was spokesperson for the whole India whereas Jinnah reminded him that he was just a representative of Hindus and Congress b) Gandhi claimed that as the Muslims were simply converts from Hinduism hence they have no right to call themselves a separate nation but Jinnah argued that by any international law Muslims were classified as a separate nation. c) Gandhi demanded that the Muslim majority provinces of Punjab and Bengal should be divided on communal basis but Jinnah argued that both the provinces should come as a whole to Pakistan. d) The most important reason for the failure was that Gandhi demanded immediate support from the ML. to expel the British out of the subcontinent and once the British leave India ƚŚĂŶŽŶŐƌĞƐƐĐĂŶĚŝƐĐƵƐƐƚŚĞƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƚǇŽĨWĂƌƚŝƚŝŽŶŽƌĂƉůĞďŝƐĐŝƚĞїZĞĨĞƌĞŶĚƵŵїWƵďůŝĐ Opinion. Gandhi also gave the impression that he does not support two-nation theory. Importance: By negotiating with Jinnah, Gandhi accepted the fact that ML is the sole representative of Muslims. 4) Simla Conference 1945: In 1945, the WWII was coming to an end and the British Viceroy Lord Wavell proposed the idea of an executive council to act as the interim government of India. After the war all the parties of India were invited to Simla to discuss the idea of the executive council. The proposals put forward in the conference were: 1. Executive council will be completely Indian in al portfolios except for the defense member and the Viceroy himself. 2. There would be an equal number of Hindus and Muslim members on the executive council. Failure: їŽŶŐƌĞƐƐĂůƐŽĚĞŵĂŶĚĞĚƚŚĞƌŝŐŚƚƚŽŶŽŵŝŶĂƚĞƚŚĞĞǆĞĐƵƚŝǀĞĐŽƵŶĐŝů͘ їKƚŚĞƌŵŝŶŽƌŝƚŝĞƐĂůƐŽĚĞŵanded to be on the council to which Jinnah stated that these minorities were bound to support INC hence permanently outvoting Muslims PAGE 52 PAGE 53 SECTION 2: EMERGENCE OF PAKISTAN Summary: Everyone agreed on the idea of an executive council, but the problem was that who was to be on the council. * Note Allies are victorious- Even though Britain has won the war, but the war had left the British Empire bankrupt and weak. They did not have the strength to rule the world as before. Hence, one thing which is confirmed is that the British are soon about to 5) 1945 Elections in Britain: In 1945, General Elections. Took place In England In which the Labor Party won in overwhelming majority. Labor party was a democratic socialist party, was imposed to imperialism in principle and eager to promote independence for India. However, it was very pro-Gandhi and the Congress. Its aim was to avoid partition and give Independence to a federal India. 9. 1945 Elections in India: After the end of the WW2 the British announced Elections for Central and Provincial Government assemblies. The manifesto / mandate of the two main parties were simple but completely apposite to each other. The Congress Stood for an undivided and Independent India and claimed to represent all the Indian Communities. ML's mandate was to create an independent Muslim Homeland. The results showed that the Congress had won an overwhelming majority of Non- Muslim votes that is they won 91% of non- Muslim votes whereas ML had won 81% of Muslim votes. The overwhelming vote for the ML justified both of the main points emphasized by Jinnah 1) ML is the voice of the Muslims 2) The majority of the Muslims wanted a homeland called Pakistan. 3) The results of the elections showed the British that how the divide has grown since hence form of partition is inevitable PAGE 54 PAGE 55 SECTION 2: EMERGENCE OF PAKISTAN 10. Cabinet Mission plan 1946: The last attempt by the British to keep the subcontinent together as a federation was the cabinet mission plan which consisted of three senior British cabinet members led by Sir Stafford Cripps. The mission proposed: Pakistan was not an option at this point India would be divided into three parts: ї,ŝŶĚƵŵĂũŽƌŝƚǇƉƌŽǀŝŶĐĞƐ͘ їDƵƐůŝŵŵĂũŽƌŝƚǇƉƌŽǀŝŶĐĞƐ͘ їĞŶŐĂůĂŶĚƐƐĂŵ͘ Each of these sections would have a great deal of autonomy and would have their own constitution. A central Indian Union would deal with Foreign affairs, defense and communication. Outcome: Muslim League and Congress both agreed to the plan but the failure aroused when Congress stated that once the British leave the sub-continent then the Congress would not be bound to follow the plan. But the importance of this plan was that for the first time the British gave some degree of partition between Hindus and Muslims. 11) Direct Action Day 1946: In 1946 it was now confirmed that the British were leaving the sub-continent, and they would leave soon. For that purpose, the British were forming an Interim Government. The Muslims were afraid that the British might leave the sub-continent without giving the Muslims partition and if that were the case then the Muslims would be left at the mercy of the Hindus. The fear of Muslims further aggravated when the British allowed Congress to nominate Muslim members on the Interim government. ML threatened to boycott the Interim Government if Congress is given the right to nominate Muslim members. The British and INC ignored the threat and went on with the Interim Government. As a result, the ML decided to show Muslim strength and solidarity to British and Congress and for that purpose Direct Action was called. Under the Direct Action Day peaceful protests were carried out to the show the British and Congress that Muslims won’t accept anything less than Partition. The protests remained peaceful throughout India except for Calcutta where communal riots broke out leading to deaths of 4000 people. This was known as the "Great Calcutta Killing” PAGE 56 PAGE 57 SECTION 2: EMERGENCE OF PAKISTAN 12) Lord Mountbatten and Violence in the Summers of 1947: In Feb 1947, the neutral viceroy Lord Wavell was replaced by Lord Mountbatten, whose job was to oversee the withdrawal of British from India. Lord Mountbatten was already very good friends with Nehru and he was pro- Congress, hence the arrival of Lord Mountbatten caused further fear and uncertainty amongst the Muslims. This uncertainty caused communal conflicts in March-April 1947 especially in Punjab and Bihar. (Thousands of Muslims were killed and this bloodshed finally convinced Congress and British that Hindus and Muslims can't live together) 13)3rd June Plan 1947 (most important): On 3rd June 1947 the British announced that they are going to leave the subcontinent, one year later (3rd June 1948), and the plan of their withdrawal is as follows: x Two Independent and Sovereign States of India and Pakistan were to be created. x Muslim majority areas would be given to Pakistan and Hindu-majority would be given to India. x For Punjab and Bengal, their provincial assemblies would decide whether they would join India or Pakistan or do they wish to be partitioned. x The Princely states would be given the option to join India, Pakistan or become independent. x A Boundary Commission was to be setup to demarcate the borders between India and Pakistan. The next day which is 4th June 1947, the British announced that they have brought forward their date of withdrawal to 15th August 1947. 14. Independence act of 1947: The 3rd June Plan after getting approved from all the stakeholders was passed into a law and hence it was known as Independence Act of 1947, passed on 15th Aug 1947.The Government of India Act 1935 was to act as an interim constitution for India and Pakistan. PAGE 58 PAGE 59 SECTION 2: EMERGENCE OF PAKISTAN 15. Boundary commission and the Radcliffe Award: Under the Independence Act of 1947, a boundary commission was set-up under the leadership of Sir Cyril Radcliffe. The purpose of the commission was to demarcate the borders of India and Pakistan. The commission was to have equal number of Hindu and Muslim members. The report of Boundary Commission was published on 16th Aug 1947 and is known as Radcliffe/ Boundary Award. This award led to largest migration in the history of mankind, and it was unfair for the Muslims because: 1. In Bengal, the city of Calcutta having Muslim majority was to be given to Pakistan, but Congress claimed that Calcutta had Hindu majority. ML called for a plebiscite, but its demand was turned down and Calcutta was given to India. This made East Bengal (East Pakistan) economically handicapped. Jinnah termed Bengal without Calcutta as a man without lungs. 2. In Punjab, the district of Firozpur was deliberately given to India although it had a Muslim majority because it had controlled headwork of the Bari Doab Canal. This canal contributed the flow of water from East Punjab (India) to West Punjab (Pakistan). 3. In Punjab and overall, the most conflicting part of the award was the giving of Gurdaspur district to India Gurdaspur had a proven Muslim majority provinces population and initially i was given to Pakistan but as evidence suggests that later the report was changed due to alleged pressures of Lord Mountbatten Gurdaspur was the only land route. India had with Kashmir. If Gurdaspur would be given to Pakistan, then Kashmir issue would never have risen. PAGE 60 PAGE 61 SECTION 2: EMERGENCE OF PAKISTAN Allama Iqbal: Allama Iqbal was a Muslim poet and philosopher who worked for the improvements of the Muslims and created political awareness. He was one of the first to argue that Muslims had to build an effective mass political party. It was this policy that Jinnah adopted so successfully, a few years later and Muslim League became a popular mass party.Iqbal’s poetry awakened a sense of nationhood amongst Muslims and urged them to be active and alert in order to make progress. He also emphasized that their progress shall be along a distinctive Islamic path. His poem such as ‘Today and Tomorrow’, ’Reproach’, and ‘political leaders’ were his famous poems. Allama Iqbal is also described as the architect of Pakistan because of his Presidential address giving at Allahabad during the annual Muslim league convention in 1930. In this presidential address, he said; “I would like to see the Punjab, northwest frontier province, Sindh and Balochistan amalgamated into a single state. Self-government among the British empire, the formation of consolidate north western Muslim state appears to be final destiny of the Muslims of India”. This was Allama Iqbal’s most crucial contribution and his Allahabad address provided Muslim leaders such as Jinnah & Chaudhry Rehmat Ali with inspiration and guidance and it was his theory only which was adopted as Muslim league’s policy in 1940. Chaudhry Rehmat Ali: Chaudhry Rehmat Ali, a lawyer by profession also contributed a lot for the Pakistan movement. In 1934, he published a pamphlet ‘Now or Never’ in which he argued in favor of Partition. Chaudhry Rehmat Ali also tried to convince the Muslim leaders to adopt Partition as their official policy. He is also responsible for forming the name of Pakistan which means the ‘land of pure’. Chaudhry Rehmat Ali made himself un-popular by criticizing the leaders of the Muslim league including Jinnah. PAGE 62 PAGE 63

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