Human geography ch3

• Chapter 3 addresses the topic of Migration

Reading Notes for Chapter 3

• Sections 3.2, 3.9, and 3.10 are excluded from quizzes, exams, and assignments
• Assigned reading includes section 3.7, which discusses the gender and age of migrants
• Sections 3.0 Spatial Interaction and 3.11 Migration Theories and Canadian Immigration History are presented in the notes and will be tested on quizzes/exams

Key Issues in Chapter 3

• 3.0 Spatial Interaction
• 3.1 Migration Principles
• 3.3 Interregional Migration
• 3.4 Intraregional Migration
• 3.5 Reasons for Migrating
• 3.6 Economic Reasons for Migrating
• 3.7 Gender & Age of Migrants
• 3.8 Government Immigration Policies
• 3.11 Migration Theories and Canadian Immigration History
• Sections 3.2, 3.9, and 3.10 are excluded

Spatial Interaction

• It describes the movement of people, ideas, and goods within or between areas
• Resources/goods being unequally distributed is a factor
• Commodity flows occur in response to supply and demand differences

Principles Influencing Spatial Interactions

• Complementarity
• Transferability
• Intervening opportunity

Spatial Interaction Explained

• Complementarity is when two places can specifically satisfy each other's demands through an exchange of goods
• Transferability requires that the exchange has acceptable costs when complementarity exists
• Affected by distance and advances in transportation
• Intervening opportunity describes situation where a nearer supply diminishes the attractiveness of more distant options

Further Details on Spatial Interaction

• The frictionless zone is where the most frequent interaction occurs, distance is not a limiting factor
• Critical distance is the distance beyond which the intensity of contact declines
• The gravity model determines that interaction between places is linked to population size and distance
• Also, it states spatial interaction is related to populations and inversely related to distance
• In reality, other factors play a role

Migration Principles

• Migration is a permanent move to a new location, expressing mobility
• Circulation involves repetitive, short-term, or cyclical movements
• Immigration refers to migration to a location, while emigration is migration from a location
• Net migration is the mathematical result of the number of immigrants minus emigrants

Migration Transition

• Correlates to demographic transition
• Stage 1: high daily or seasonal mobility for food
• Stage 2: high international emigration and interregional migration from rural to urban areas
• Stage 3: high international immigration and intraregional migration from cities to suburbs
• Stage 4: same as stage 3

Global Migration Patterns

• International migration involves moving across country borders
• Internal can be interregional (between regions) or intraregional(within one region)
• 4% of people are international migrants
• Most global flows: Asia to Europe/North America, and Latin America to North America

International & Internal Migration Factors

• Most migrants relocate short distances within the same country per Ravenstein
• Long-distance migrants head to major economic centers in other countries
• Most migration proceeds step-by-step, typically from rural to urban areas
• Most migrants are adults
• Most international migrants are young males

Key Migration Terms

• Chain migration highlights migration to specific areas because of pre-existing communities of shared nationality or relations
• Brain drain describes migration of skilled professionals to other countries
• Brain drain hinders disease control (HIV/AIDs)

Interregional Migration

• 3.2 Global Migration Distribution is not part of the required reading
• Interregional Migration in the United States shifted progressively West from the 17th to the 20th Century because of farmland

Migration between regions

• Interregional migration in Canada moves people from one province/territory to another

Interregional Migration in Canada

• Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta experience net out-migration
• Atlantic provinces (NL, PEI, NS, NB) and British Columbia mostly net in-migration
• 18-24 year olds migrate for education, and employment
• 25-44 year olds migrate for family, employment, and home ownership

Intraregional Migration

• Intraregional is migration within a region
• Includes migration from rural to urban areas in developing regions for advancement
• Includes migration from urban cities to suburban for lifestyle gains in developed countries
• Urban to rural is known as counterurbanization and for lifestyle factors

Reasons for Migrating

• Push factors are conditions that make people leave a place
• Pull factors are circumstances that attract a migrant to a place
• Push and pull include consideration of economic, political, environmental and quality of life conditions
• Place utility measures a person's satisfaction with their town

Economic Migration

• Over 2 million people migrate from India, Bangladesh, China, and Pakistan each year for economic migration
• Remittances are the transfer of money by workers to their home countries
• Remittances totaled $582 billion in 2015 and $715 billion in 2019
• India received the most remittances in 2020 ($83 billion)
• Followed by ($60 billion)

Political Migration

• Intervening obstacles are environmental or political reasons that hinder migration
• Major obstacles now are primarily political, requiring passports and visas
• Trail of Tears involved relocating Native Americans under Indian Removal Act of 1830
• Inuit families were relocated in the high Arctic by the government in 1953
• They were promised better living conditions, this did not eventuate and apology was issued in 2010

Displacement

• Refugees are people who flee across an international boundary due to persecution
• An internally displaced person (IDP) has not migrated across an international border
• 40 million people were IDPs in 2016
• Refugee characteristics include moving with limited property
• The "first step" often taken by foot/bicycle
• Tend to travel without documentation

Global Displacement Factors

• The total number of "persons of concern" is ~68 million
• Includes asylum seekers, refugees, and internally displaced people
• Majority of refugees originate in Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Iraq
• Voluntary repatriation occurs when the UNHCR helps return refugees to their homelands
• Can be difficult situations sometimes do not change

Government Migration Policies

• Most countries have adopted selective immigration policies based on: Public opinion, economic factors, resources, and international relations
• U.N. classifies countries according to four types of immigration policies: 1) Maintain level 2) Increase level 3) Reduce level 4) No policy

Government Migration Policies

• Many European countries require Stage 4 or 5 of the DTM
• Guest workers were seen as useful
• Germany operated guest worker programs between 1960 and 1970
• Circular migration occurs between home and host

Canadian Immigration

• Focus also on Sections 3.9 and 3.10
• Immigration is responsible for 80% of population growth, with over 25% of Canadian workers being immigrants
• The main sources of immigration shifted from Europe to Asia
• In early to mid 1800s, over 1 million immigrants from the British Isles entered territory that would become Canada
• Archaeological finds support the conclusion that Canada was initially colonized from the west by hunter-gatherers originating from Asia (approximately 11,500 years ago)

Canadian Immigration

• Neoclassical, institutional and marxist theory applies
• Approaches to migration theory supply and demand
• Assumes people are motivated to improve, criticised for not taking other factors into account
• Institutions includes governmental policies, such as the settlement of prairies under Clifford Sifton (1896-1905)
• Marxist emphasizes value from work and that greater profit can be acquired by cheap labour

Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program (SAWP)

• Began in 1966, SAWP recruits seasonal agricultural workers
• Farmers pay minimum wage, and towns also benefit financially, they also come bad conditions
• People are recruited from Jamaica to work temporarily in Canada
• This grown to 20,000 people from the Caribbean and Mexico
• 6 week to 8 month terms

Canadian Immigration Objectives

• Economic Immigration made up 58% of all admissions in 2020
• Family Reunification 27% admissions during same period and refugees totalled some 10%
• Canada admitted over 341,000 permanent residents in 2019
• This decreased to over 184,500 new permanent residents in 2020
• Bounce back year in 2021 with 401,000
• Asia as a source made up 61.8% in 2016
• Toronto, Vancouver and Montréal attract settlement