Barron's AP Human Geography Chapter 6 Vocab

Questions and Answers

What is the meaning of agglomeration?

Dispersing firms across different regions

Combining resources for collective bargaining

Grouping together of many firms from different industries

Grouping together of many firms from the same industry (correct)

What are ancillary activities?

Economic activities that support large-scale industries.

Anthropocentric refers to human-centered ideas that ignore the ecosystem.

True

What does the backwash effect describe?

Negative effects on one region due to growth in another region. Signup and view all the answers

What is a break-of-bulk point?

A location where large shipments of goods are broken into smaller containers. Signup and view all the answers

Define a brick-and-mortar business.

Traditional businesses with physical stores. Signup and view all the answers

A bulk-gaining industry produces final products that weigh less after assembly.

False Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a bulk-reducing industry?

Final products weigh less than their constituent parts. Signup and view all the answers

What is a conglomerate corporation?

A firm composed of many smaller firms serving different functions. Signup and view all the answers

What does the core refer to in economic geography?

Regions concentrated with economic power. Signup and view all the answers

What is the core-periphery model used to describe?

The dependency of underdeveloped countries on developed regions. Signup and view all the answers

Define a cottage industry.

An industry based in homes rather than factories. Signup and view all the answers

What does deindustrialization mean?

Loss of industrial activity in a region. Signup and view all the answers

What is development in economic terms?

Process of economic growth and expansion. Signup and view all the answers

What is e-commerce?

Web-based economic activities. Signup and view all the answers

Define economic backwaters.

Regions that do not benefit from national economic development. Signup and view all the answers

What is ecotourism?

Tourism aimed at enjoying natural areas sustainably. Signup and view all the answers

What is an export-processing zone?

Regions with favorable investment conditions for export-oriented industries. Signup and view all the answers

What describes the fast world?

Regions with high-speed telecommunications and transport. Signup and view all the answers

What are footloose firms?

Firms whose location is not determined by transportation costs. Signup and view all the answers

What is Fordism?

System of standardized mass production. Signup and view all the answers

What do foreign investments refer to?

Overseas investments by private companies. Signup and view all the answers

What does gender equity measure?

Opportunities given to women compared to men. Signup and view all the answers

What underlies globalization?

Increased interconnection on a global scale Signup and view all the answers

What is gross domestic product?

Total value of goods and services produced within a country. Signup and view all the answers

Define gross national product.

Total value produced by residents including abroad incomes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Human Development Index?

Measure of development focusing on human welfare. Signup and view all the answers

What started during the Industrial Revolution?

Rapid economic and social changes in manufacturing. Signup and view all the answers

What does industrialization refer to?

Process of economic development from primary goods to mass production. Signup and view all the answers

What defines industrialized countries?

Countries at the forefront of industrial production. Signup and view all the answers

What is least-cost theory?

Concept for optimal manufacturing location based on transport and labor costs. Signup and view all the answers

What are least-developed countries characterized by?

Low economic productivity and standards of living. Signup and view all the answers

What is a manufacturing region?

A region where manufacturing activities cluster. Signup and view all the answers

What are maquiladoras?

US firms with factories outside the US/Mexican border. Signup and view all the answers

What does net national product measure?

Total goods produced minus natural resource degradation. Signup and view all the answers

What are nonrenewable resources?

Natural resources that do not replenish in human-relevant timeframes. Signup and view all the answers

What defines an offshore financial center?

Areas promoting business transactions and finance. Signup and view all the answers

What does outsourcing mean?

Sending industrial processes out for external production. Signup and view all the answers

Define periphery countries.

Countries with low economic productivity and standards of living. Signup and view all the answers

What are primary economic activities?

Activities that utilize natural resources. Signup and view all the answers

Define productivity.

Measure of goods and services produced in a country. Signup and view all the answers

What is purchasing power parity?

Measurement of development considering what money buys. Signup and view all the answers

What are quaternary economic activities?

Activities concerned with research and administration. Signup and view all the answers

What are quinary economic activities?

High-level decision-making for corporations or scientific research. Signup and view all the answers

What does regionalization refer to?

Process of regions acquiring unique characteristics. Signup and view all the answers

What are renewable resources?

Natural resources that can replenish in a short time. Signup and view all the answers

What are Rostow's stages of development?

Model describing economic progress through five stages. Signup and view all the answers

What is the rust belt?

Manufacturing region in the US facing decline. Signup and view all the answers

What are secondary economic activities?

Activities concerned with processing raw materials. Signup and view all the answers

Define semi-periphery countries.

Newly industrialized countries with median living standards. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes service-based economies?

Economies focusing on R&D, marketing, and tourism. Signup and view all the answers

What is the slow world?

Developing countries lacking high-speed connectivity. Signup and view all the answers

What are spatially fixed costs?

Costs in manufacturing that remain constant regardless of location. Signup and view all the answers

What describes spatially variable costs?

Costs that change significantly based on location. Signup and view all the answers

What are specialty goods?

Goods produced in small quantities and not mass-produced. Signup and view all the answers

What is sustainable development?

Meeting current needs without compromising future generations. Signup and view all the answers

What are tertiary economic activities?

Activities that facilitate the exchange of goods. Signup and view all the answers

What defines a transnational corporation?

A firm conducting business in multiple countries. Signup and view all the answers

What are world cities?

Cities forming an interconnected global financial system. Signup and view all the answers

What is world-systems theory?

Theory explaining core, periphery, and semi-periphery dynamics. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Economic Concepts and Models

Agglomeration: Refers to clustering of firms in the same industry, promoting resource sharing and infrastructure use.
Ancillary Activities: Supportive economic activities linked to large industries, e.g., shipping and food services.
Core-Periphery Model: Describes development disparities, highlighting that underdeveloped regions depend on developed core areas.
Deindustrialization: Represents a decline in industrial activity, often leading to economic loss in a region.
Rostow's Stages of Development: A model outlining five stages of economic growth from least-developed to most-developed.
World-Systems Theory: Explains global economic structures involving core, periphery, and semi-periphery regions historically.

Types of Economic Activities

Cottage Industry: Home-based production, contrasting with factory-based manufacturing.
Quaternary Economic Activities: Involve research and administration, focusing on information and knowledge management.
Primary Economic Activities: Concern the extraction and utilization of natural resources, including agriculture and mining.
Tertiary Economic Activities: Encompass service-oriented functions that connect consumers and service providers.
Secondary Economic Activities: Involve manufacturing and construction, focused on processing raw materials.

Economic Measurements

Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Total economic value of goods/services produced within a country's borders annually.
Gross National Product (GNP): Total value of goods/services produced by a nation's residents, including foreign income.
Human Development Index (HDI): Measures development based on human welfare rather than economic output, incorporating life expectancy and education.
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP): A monetary metric assessing the relative purchasing power in different countries.

Industry and Manufacturing

Bulk-Gaining Industry: Final products weigh more than raw materials, necessitating proximity to markets.
Bulk-Reducing Industry: Final products weigh less than raw materials, often located near resource supplies.
Fordism: Standardized mass production system pioneered by Henry Ford, elevating manufacturing efficiency.
Maquiladoras: U.S. factories located just outside the Mexican border, benefiting from low labor costs.

Globalization and Investment

Globalization: Increasing global interconnectedness affecting political and economic structures, making smaller scales more obsolete.
Foreign Investment: Overseas financial investments by private businesses, often seeking growth in emerging markets.
Transnational Corporation (TNC): Companies operating across multiple countries, often producing and selling in various markets.
Outsourcing: Transferring production and business processes to external locations, often for cost savings.

Environmental and Sustainable Practices

Ecotourism: Tourism focused on nature, aimed at promoting sustainable practices and environmental preservation.
Sustainable Development: Balances meeting current needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet theirs.
Renewable Resources: Resources that can replenish naturally within a human lifespan, supporting sustainability.

Economic Disparities

Economic Backwaters: Regions that do not benefit from national economic growth, often experiencing stagnation.
Least-Developed Countries (LDCs): Nations with low economic productivity and standards of living, prevalent in parts of Africa and Asia.
Industrialized Countries: Advanced economies, including the U.S., Germany, and Japan, recognized for high production levels.
Semi-Periphery: New industrialized countries with median living standards, such as Brazil and India.

Regional and Spatial Dynamics

Rust Belt: Region in the U.S. marked by industrial decline and relocation of manufacturing to countries with cheaper labor.
Export-Processing Zone: Areas established to attract export-oriented industries with favorable economic conditions.
Fast World vs. Slow World: Contrast between economically connected regions with advanced technologies (Fast World) and developing areas lacking such benefits (Slow World).
Spatially Fixed vs. Variable Costs: Discusses costs in manufacturing, where fixed costs remain constant and variable costs fluctuate significantly based on location.

Corporate Structure

Conglomerate Corporation: A large company composed of multiple smaller firms across different industries.
Footloose Firms: Manufacturing businesses not significantly tied to specific locations due to low transport costs.
Service-Based Economies: Economies centered on services rather than manufacturing, including tourism and telecommunications.

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Test your knowledge with this flashcard quiz on Chapter 6 vocabulary from Barron's AP Human Geography. This quiz covers important terms and concepts that are vital for understanding human geography. Perfect for students preparing for the AP exam.