BMS 111 Anatomical Planes and Positions

Course Information

• Course: Medicine and Surgery Program
• Fall: 2024-2025
• University: Galala University, Arizona State University
• Course Number: BMS 111

Practical Study Guide 1

Anatomical Planes

• Median (sagittal) plane: Divides the body into equal left and right halves.
• Paramedian (parasagittal) plane: Divides the body into unequal left and right halves, parallel to the median plane.
• Coronal plane: Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
• Horizontal (transverse) plane: Divides the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) portions.

Terminology of Position

• Cranial: Toward the head end.
• Superior: Above another structure.
• Caudal: Toward the tail end.
• Inferior: Below another structure.
• Anterior (ventral): Toward the front of the body.
• Posterior (dorsal): Toward the back of the body.
• Right: To the right of the body's midline.
• Left: To the left of the body's midline.
• Proximal: Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk.
• Distal: Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk.
• Medial: Toward the midline of the body.
• Lateral: Away from the midline of the body.

Terminology of Movements

• Flexion: Bending a joint.
• Extension: Straightening a joint.
• Abduction: Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body.
• Adduction: Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body.
• Medial Rotation: Rotating a limb toward the midline.
• Lateral Rotation: Rotating a limb away from the midline.
• Circumduction: Circular movement of a limb.
• Supination: Rotating the forearm so the palm faces upward.
• Pronation: Rotating the forearm so the palm faces downward.
• Dorsiflexion: Bending the foot upward at the ankle.
• Plantar flexion: Bending the foot downward at the ankle.
• Inversion: Turning the sole of the foot inward.
• Eversion: Turning the sole of the foot outward.

Skeletal System

• Bones are categorized by their shape: Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid, pneumatic.
• Examples of long bones: Humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula.
• Examples of short bones: Carpals (wrist) and tarsals (ankle).
• Examples of flat bones: Scapula, skull vault, sternum.
• Examples of irregular bones: Vertebrae, skull base, hip bones.
• Examples of sesamoid bones: Patella.
• Examples of pneumatic bones: Frontal bone, maxilla.

Axial Skeleton

• Components of the axial skeleton: Skull, vertebral column, rib cage.

Appendicular Skeleton

• Components of the appendicular skeleton: Limbs, shoulder girdle, hip girdle.

Radiology of adult and growing bone

• X-ray of adult knee bones: Shows the diaphysis, epiphysis, growth plate, and metaphysis.
• X-ray of young knee bones: Shows the epiphyseal plate, indicating that the bone is still growing.

Muscular System

• Types of muscles: Rectus abdominis (strap with intersections), Sartorius (strap), Biceps brachialis (parallel fusiform), Quadratus lumborum (parallel quadrilateral), Tibialis anterior (circumpennate), Deltoid (multipennate), Pectoralis major (spiral), Temporalis (triangular), Orbicularis oculi & oris (circular).

Articular System

• Joints: Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial.
• Fibrous joints: Sutures of the skull, syndesmosis (radioulnar, tibiofibular), gomphosis (teeth).
• Cartilaginous joints (1ry): Epiphyseal plate (temporary), 1st rib and sternum
• Cartilaginous joints (2ry): Intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis
• Synovial joints: Hinge (elbow, knee), pivot (radioulnar), ellipsoid (wrist), saddle (carpometacarpal of thumb), condyloid (metacarpophalangeal), plane (intercarpal), ball and socket (shoulder, hip).

Cardiovascular System

• Components of the heart: Right atrium, Right ventricle, Left atrium, Left ventricle, Apex of heart.
• Vessels of the heart: Left Pulmonary veins, Right Pulmonary veins, Superior Vena Cava (SVC), Inferior Vena Cava (IVC), Pulmonary trunk, Pulmonary artery, Left Coronary artery, Right Coronary artery, Coronary sinus.
• Valves of the heart: Tricuspid valve, Bicuspid valve (Mitral valve).

This quiz covers the essential anatomical planes and terminology of position essential for BMS 111 students in the Medicine and Surgery Program. Test your knowledge on median, coronal, transverse planes, and various positional terms such as cranial, superior, anterior, and more. Perfect for preparing for practical assessments in anatomy.