Podcast
Questions and Answers
What particle is formed when two or more atoms of different elements chemically combine?
What particle is formed when two or more atoms of different elements chemically combine?
- Compound (correct)
- Ion
- Atom
- Molecule
Which type of bonding involves the transfer of electrons between atoms?
Which type of bonding involves the transfer of electrons between atoms?
- Metallic bonds
- Hydrogen bonds
- Covalent bonds
- Ionic bonds (correct)
How many electrons can the second shell of an atom hold?
How many electrons can the second shell of an atom hold?
- 4
- 8 (correct)
- 2
- 18
Which elements make up approximately 96% of the human body?
Which elements make up approximately 96% of the human body?
What does a molecular formula represent?
What does a molecular formula represent?
What type of energy is associated with movement?
What type of energy is associated with movement?
What happens to atoms when chemical bonds are broken?
What happens to atoms when chemical bonds are broken?
What describes an atom that gains or loses electrons?
What describes an atom that gains or loses electrons?
What is the standard anatomical position?
What is the standard anatomical position?
Which anatomical plane divides the body into equal left and right portions?
Which anatomical plane divides the body into equal left and right portions?
What does the term 'superior' refer to in anatomical terminology?
What does the term 'superior' refer to in anatomical terminology?
Which of the following describes the oblique plane?
Which of the following describes the oblique plane?
Which abdominal quadrant contains the liver?
Which abdominal quadrant contains the liver?
What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?
What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?
Which phase of the cell cycle involves the preparation for mitosis?
Which phase of the cell cycle involves the preparation for mitosis?
During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA replication initiated?
During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA replication initiated?
What is an important characteristic of daughter cells produced during mitosis?
What is an important characteristic of daughter cells produced during mitosis?
Which term describes the study of changes that occur within tissues due to disease?
Which term describes the study of changes that occur within tissues due to disease?
What do transcription factors do in stem cells?
What do transcription factors do in stem cells?
What is the condensed form of chromatins known as during DNA replication?
What is the condensed form of chromatins known as during DNA replication?
What term refers to the group of cells that perform a specific function in the body?
What term refers to the group of cells that perform a specific function in the body?
What is the diploid number of chromosomes in human somatic cells?
What is the diploid number of chromosomes in human somatic cells?
During which phase of DNA replication does the helicase enzyme play a crucial role?
During which phase of DNA replication does the helicase enzyme play a crucial role?
What is the primary function of simple columnar epithelium?
What is the primary function of simple columnar epithelium?
In which anatomical locations would you typically find stratified squamous epithelium?
In which anatomical locations would you typically find stratified squamous epithelium?
What component is found in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of connective tissue?
What component is found in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of connective tissue?
Which type of connective tissue is known as supportive connective tissue?
Which type of connective tissue is known as supportive connective tissue?
Which type of cell is responsible for producing fibers in the extracellular matrix?
Which type of cell is responsible for producing fibers in the extracellular matrix?
What is a characteristic of transitional epithelium?
What is a characteristic of transitional epithelium?
What type of connective tissue is classified as fluid connective tissue?
What type of connective tissue is classified as fluid connective tissue?
Which of the following fibers in connective tissue provides the strongest support?
Which of the following fibers in connective tissue provides the strongest support?
What defines endocrine glands?
What defines endocrine glands?
Which type of epithelium secretes and moves mucus in the trachea?
Which type of epithelium secretes and moves mucus in the trachea?
What is the primary function of microvilli in cells?
What is the primary function of microvilli in cells?
During which stage of transcription does RNA polymerase synthesize the complementary RNA strand?
During which stage of transcription does RNA polymerase synthesize the complementary RNA strand?
Which of the following nucleic acids is primarily involved in the translation process?
Which of the following nucleic acids is primarily involved in the translation process?
What role do nuclear pores play in the cell?
What role do nuclear pores play in the cell?
What is the complementary base to adenine in DNA?
What is the complementary base to adenine in DNA?
In which part of the cell does translation occur?
In which part of the cell does translation occur?
What structure houses the cell's DNA?
What structure houses the cell's DNA?
Which statement about ribosomes is true?
Which statement about ribosomes is true?
What happens during the termination stage of transcription?
What happens during the termination stage of transcription?
Which component of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome?
Which component of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome?
What is the double helix structure of DNA formed by?
What is the double helix structure of DNA formed by?
Which process creates a protein from an mRNA template?
Which process creates a protein from an mRNA template?
Chromatin is characterized as which of the following?
Chromatin is characterized as which of the following?
During elongation in translation, what is the role of tRNA?
During elongation in translation, what is the role of tRNA?
Flashcards are hidden until you start studying
Study Notes
Anatomical Terminology
- Standard Anatomical Position: Body upright, feet shoulder-width apart, palms facing forward.
- Anatomical planes define positions and directions of body structures.
Anatomical Planes
- Sagittal Plane: Divides body into left and right portions.
- Midsagittal: Equal halves.
- Parasagittal: Unequal halves.
- Oblique Plane: Divides body at an angle.
- Frontal Plane: Separates front and back.
- Transverse Plane: Separates top and bottom.
Directional Terms
- Superior (Cranial): Toward the head; above.
- Inferior (Caudal): Away from the head; below.
Abdominal Quadrants
- Right Upper Quadrant: Right lobe of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, parts of stomach, intestines.
- Left Upper Quadrant: Left lobe of liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, parts of intestines.
Composition of Matter
- Matter: Occupies space, has mass, exists in solid, liquid, gas states.
- Energy: Kinetic (active) and potential (stored); capacity to do work.
- Elements: 96% of body mass from Oxygen (65%), Carbon (18%), Hydrogen (10%), Nitrogen (3%).
Atoms and Bonds
- Atoms: Composed of protons, neutrons (nucleus), and electrons (electron shells).
- Chemical Bonds: Ionic, covalent, hydrogen bonds; bonds break and atoms dissociate.
Cell Surface Specialization
- Microvilli: Increase surface area.
- Cilia: Aid in movement across cell surfaces.
- Flagella: Long appendages for movement.
Protein Synthesis from DNA
- Proteome: Complete set of proteins in a cell.
- Transcription: DNA to mRNA; occurs in the nucleus.
- Translation: mRNA to protein; occurs in cytoplasm via ribosomes.
The Nucleus and DNA
- Nucleus: Houses DNA, surrounded by nuclear envelope, contains nucleolus for ribosome production.
- Nucleic Acids: DNA (genetic storage), mRNA (protein translation), tRNA (transports amino acids), rRNA (ribosome structure).
Transcription Process
- Stages:
- Initiation: DNA strands separate; RNA polymerase starts synthesizing mRNA.
- Elongation: RNA polymerase adds nucleotides to mRNA strand.
- Termination: RNA polymerase releases mRNA at end of gene.
Translation Process
- Stages:
- Initiation: Ribosome assembles on mRNA start codon.
- Elongation: tRNA delivers amino acids to ribosome.
- Termination: Process ends at stop codon; polypeptide formed.
Cell Cycle and Replication
- Cell Cycle: Comprises interphase (G1, S, G2 phases), mitosis, cytokinesis.
- Interphase: Majority of the cell's life; includes cell growth and DNA replication.
- Mitosis: Process of cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells.
Tissues Overview
- Histology: Study of tissue structure and organization.
- Pathology: Changes in tissues due to disease.
- Tissues: Groups of cells working together; four main types: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous.
Connective Tissue
- Components: Cells and extracellular matrix (ECM).
- Classification:
- Connective Tissue Proper (e.g., areolar, adipose).
- Supportive Connective Tissue (e.g., cartilage, bone).
- Fluid Connective Tissue (e.g., blood, lymph).
Types of Epithelium
- Simple Columnar: Lines digestive tract; secretes/absorbs.
- Pseudostratified Columnar: Lines respiratory tract; moves mucus.
- Stratified Squamous: Protects areas of abrasion (e.g., skin).
- Transitional Epithelium: Lines bladder; allows stretching.
Glands of Epithelium
- Endocrine Glands: Ductless; secrete hormones into blood (e.g., pancreas, thyroid).
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
