Anatomy Basics: Terminology and Planes

Questions and Answers

What particle is formed when two or more atoms of different elements chemically combine?

Compound (correct)

Ion

Atom

Molecule

Which type of bonding involves the transfer of electrons between atoms?

Metallic bonds

Hydrogen bonds

Covalent bonds

Ionic bonds (correct)

How many electrons can the second shell of an atom hold?

8 (correct)

Which elements make up approximately 96% of the human body?

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen Signup and view all the answers

What does a molecular formula represent?

Elements present and quantity of each atom Signup and view all the answers

What type of energy is associated with movement?

Kinetic energy Signup and view all the answers

What happens to atoms when chemical bonds are broken?

They dissociate from one another Signup and view all the answers

What describes an atom that gains or loses electrons?

Ion Signup and view all the answers

What is the standard anatomical position?

Body standing upright, with feet shoulder width apart and palms facing forward. Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical plane divides the body into equal left and right portions?

Midsagittal plane Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'superior' refer to in anatomical terminology?

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the oblique plane?

Divides the body at an angle. Signup and view all the answers

Which abdominal quadrant contains the liver?

Right Upper Quadrant Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

It is the molecule that is translated into proteins. Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the cell cycle involves the preparation for mitosis?

G2 Phase Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA replication initiated?

S Phase Signup and view all the answers

What is an important characteristic of daughter cells produced during mitosis?

They are genetically identical to the parent cell. Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the study of changes that occur within tissues due to disease?

Pathology Signup and view all the answers

What do transcription factors do in stem cells?

They turn on necessary genes for differentiation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the condensed form of chromatins known as during DNA replication?

Chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the group of cells that perform a specific function in the body?

Tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the diploid number of chromosomes in human somatic cells?

46 Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of DNA replication does the helicase enzyme play a crucial role?

Initiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of simple columnar epithelium?

To secrete and absorb various materials Signup and view all the answers

In which anatomical locations would you typically find stratified squamous epithelium?

Esophagus, mouth, and vagina Signup and view all the answers

What component is found in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of connective tissue?

Ground substance and fibers Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue is known as supportive connective tissue?

Hyaline cartilage Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is responsible for producing fibers in the extracellular matrix?

Fibroblasts Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of transitional epithelium?

It allows for organ expansion and stretching Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue is classified as fluid connective tissue?

Blood Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fibers in connective tissue provides the strongest support?

Collagen fibers Signup and view all the answers

What defines endocrine glands?

They secrete hormones into the blood Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelium secretes and moves mucus in the trachea?

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of microvilli in cells?

Increasing the surface area of the cell Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of transcription does RNA polymerase synthesize the complementary RNA strand?

Elongation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nucleic acids is primarily involved in the translation process?

mRNA Signup and view all the answers

What role do nuclear pores play in the cell?

They permit small molecules to move in and out of the nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the complementary base to adenine in DNA?

Thymine Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the cell does translation occur?

Cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

What structure houses the cell's DNA?

Nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about ribosomes is true?

They read codons during translation Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the termination stage of transcription?

mRNA transcript is released Signup and view all the answers

Which component of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome?

tRNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the double helix structure of DNA formed by?

Hydrogen bonds between nucleotide bases Signup and view all the answers

Which process creates a protein from an mRNA template?

Translation Signup and view all the answers

Chromatin is characterized as which of the following?

A loose form of DNA Signup and view all the answers

During elongation in translation, what is the role of tRNA?

To bring amino acids to the ribosome Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomical Terminology

Standard Anatomical Position: Body upright, feet shoulder-width apart, palms facing forward.
Anatomical planes define positions and directions of body structures.

Anatomical Planes

Sagittal Plane: Divides body into left and right portions.
- Midsagittal: Equal halves.
- Parasagittal: Unequal halves.
Oblique Plane: Divides body at an angle.
Frontal Plane: Separates front and back.
Transverse Plane: Separates top and bottom.

Directional Terms

Superior (Cranial): Toward the head; above.
Inferior (Caudal): Away from the head; below.

Abdominal Quadrants

Right Upper Quadrant: Right lobe of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, parts of stomach, intestines.
Left Upper Quadrant: Left lobe of liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, parts of intestines.

Composition of Matter

Matter: Occupies space, has mass, exists in solid, liquid, gas states.
Energy: Kinetic (active) and potential (stored); capacity to do work.
Elements: 96% of body mass from Oxygen (65%), Carbon (18%), Hydrogen (10%), Nitrogen (3%).

Atoms and Bonds

Atoms: Composed of protons, neutrons (nucleus), and electrons (electron shells).
Chemical Bonds: Ionic, covalent, hydrogen bonds; bonds break and atoms dissociate.

Cell Surface Specialization

Microvilli: Increase surface area.
Cilia: Aid in movement across cell surfaces.
Flagella: Long appendages for movement.

Protein Synthesis from DNA

Proteome: Complete set of proteins in a cell.
Transcription: DNA to mRNA; occurs in the nucleus.
Translation: mRNA to protein; occurs in cytoplasm via ribosomes.

The Nucleus and DNA

Nucleus: Houses DNA, surrounded by nuclear envelope, contains nucleolus for ribosome production.
Nucleic Acids: DNA (genetic storage), mRNA (protein translation), tRNA (transports amino acids), rRNA (ribosome structure).

Transcription Process

Stages:
- Initiation: DNA strands separate; RNA polymerase starts synthesizing mRNA.
- Elongation: RNA polymerase adds nucleotides to mRNA strand.
- Termination: RNA polymerase releases mRNA at end of gene.

Translation Process

Stages:
- Initiation: Ribosome assembles on mRNA start codon.
- Elongation: tRNA delivers amino acids to ribosome.
- Termination: Process ends at stop codon; polypeptide formed.

Cell Cycle and Replication

Cell Cycle: Comprises interphase (G1, S, G2 phases), mitosis, cytokinesis.
Interphase: Majority of the cell's life; includes cell growth and DNA replication.
Mitosis: Process of cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells.

Tissues Overview

Histology: Study of tissue structure and organization.
Pathology: Changes in tissues due to disease.
Tissues: Groups of cells working together; four main types: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous.

Connective Tissue

Components: Cells and extracellular matrix (ECM).
Classification:
- Connective Tissue Proper (e.g., areolar, adipose).
- Supportive Connective Tissue (e.g., cartilage, bone).
- Fluid Connective Tissue (e.g., blood, lymph).

Types of Epithelium

Simple Columnar: Lines digestive tract; secretes/absorbs.
Pseudostratified Columnar: Lines respiratory tract; moves mucus.
Stratified Squamous: Protects areas of abrasion (e.g., skin).
Transitional Epithelium: Lines bladder; allows stretching.

Glands of Epithelium

Endocrine Glands: Ductless; secrete hormones into blood (e.g., pancreas, thyroid).

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Description

Test your understanding of fundamental anatomy terms and concepts, including the standard anatomical position and different anatomical planes. This quiz covers essential definitions and orientations necessary for studying human anatomy.