Blood Volume and Cell Development Quiz

Blood Volume and Composition

• A 70-kg man's blood volume is approximately 5-6 liters.
• Blood plasma is primarily water.
• Albumins are the most abundant proteins in blood plasma.

Blood Cells and Development

• Mast cells in tissues are a type of basophil.
• Monocytes, when in tissues, are called macrophages.
• The pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell is the progenitor of all blood cells.
• Approximately 75% of cells in blood-producing tissues become white blood cells (WBCs).
• Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) are cytokines made by endothelial cells, bone marrow fibroblasts, and white blood cells.
• CSFs are essential for cell division, maturation, and leukopoiesis regulation.
• Leukemias involve abnormal white blood cell growth and development, while neutropenia is characterized by low white blood cell counts.
• Thrombopoietin regulates megakaryocyte growth and maturation.
• Red blood cell production is controlled by erythropoietin.
• Thrombopoietin is produced in the liver and kidney.
• Red blood cells (RBCs) are formed in red bone marrow in normal adults.
• The kidney is the primary site of erythropoietin production.
• White blood cell development varies based on body needs.
• Hypoxemia (low oxygen levels) is the primary stimulus for erythropoietin release.

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

• The average lifespan of a red blood cell is 4 months.
• Red blood cells carry oxygen from lungs to body cells.
• Hemoglobin, a major component of red blood cells, consists of four protein chains and four heme groups.
• Heme contains an iron atom.
• Hemoglobin's primary function is oxygen transport.
• Hematocrit indicates the ratio of RBCs to total blood volume (packed cell volume).
• A normal adult hematocrit is approximately 45%.
• Aged and damaged red blood cells are broken down by the spleen.
• Red blood cell production (erythropoiesis) increases with decreased blood oxygen.
• Red blood cells are biconcave disks, enabling them to change shape for passage through narrow spaces.
• Excess iron is eliminated in the feces.
• Transferrin transports absorbed iron in the blood.

Platelets and Coagulation

• Platelets are cell fragments that facilitate clotting, contraction, and patching of injured areas.
• The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is triggered by tissue factor release from damaged endothelium.
• The intrinsic pathway is activated by exposed collagen activating proenzymes.
• The common pathway involves activating clotting factors to convert prothrombin to thrombin.
• Fibrinolysis dissolves clots.

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

• Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that is associated with bacterial infections.

Jaundice Treatment

• Neonatal jaundice treatment involves light exposure to facilitate the transition from fetal to adult hemoglobin.

Iron Deficiency and Hemostasis

• A decrease in blood iron concentration has no direct impact on hemostasis.

Liver Disease Symptoms

• Liver disease can lead to fluid buildup, reduced blood osmotic pressure, elevated bilirubin levels, and impaired blood clotting.