Blood Vessels and Peripheral Vascular System
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Questions and Answers

Which vein is responsible for draining the scalp and face?

  • External Jugular Vein (correct)
  • Internal Jugular Vein
  • Subclavian Vein
  • Anterior Jugular Vein

What area does the Internal Jugular Vein primarily drain?

  • Hands and arms
  • Brain and skull (correct)
  • Scalp and face
  • Abdominal organs

What is a tributary of the Anterior Jugular Vein?

  • Azygos vein
  • Lingual vein
  • Inferior thyroid vein (correct)
  • Superior mesenteric artery

Where do the posterior intercostal veins drain?

<p>Azygos vein and hemizygous system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The common iliac arteries arise at which vertebral level?

<p>L4 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery is a branch of the internal thoracic artery?

<p>Musculophrenic artery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vein primarily drains the visceral organs of the abdomen?

<p>Hepatic portal vein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What branches from the abdominal aorta are classified as lateral visceral branches?

<p>Renal arteries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery is NOT considered a branch of the superior intercostal artery?

<p>Thoracic aorta (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vessels is responsible for draining blood from the anterior compartment of the neck?

<p>Anterior Jugular Vein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery primarily supplies the ascending colon?

<p>Right colic artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is formed by the union of common iliac veins?

<p>Inferior vena cava (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the colon does the inferior mesenteric artery primarily supply?

<p>Distal 1/3 of transverse colon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery is a branch of the superior mesenteric artery that supplies the head of the pancreas and duodenum?

<p>Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the portal vein?

<p>Drains blood from the abdominal part of GIT to the liver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following arteries supplies the sigmoid colon?

<p>Sigmoid arteries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of arterial structure is formed by anastomosis of colic arteries around the margins of the large intestines?

<p>Marginal artery of Drummond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which veins are tributaries of the inferior vena cava?

<p>Inferior phrenic and lumbar veins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main blood supply to the uterus?

<p>Uterine artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery provides arterial supply to the muscular wall of the lower part of the rectum?

<p>Middle rectal artery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which arteries supply the fundus of the bladder?

<p>Inferior vesical arteries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the internal pudendal artery?

<p>Main artery of the perineum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From where does the axillary artery originate?

<p>Subclavian artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery branches off from the subclavian artery and provides blood to the brain?

<p>Vertebral artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which arteries form the arterial arches in the palm of the hand?

<p>Radial and ulnar arteries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vessel is not a superficial vein of the forearm?

<p>Radial vein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the internal pudendal artery enter the perineum?

<p>Through the lesser sciatic foramen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical structure does the cephalic vein arise from?

<p>Dorsal venous network (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following arteries branches from the common carotid artery?

<p>Lingual artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the media layer of blood vessels?

<p>Regulate diameter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery is responsible for supplying blood to the inferior part of the thyroid gland?

<p>Inferior thyroid artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the jugular veins?

<p>They consist of two main types: external and internal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The vertebral artery has several segments. What is the first segment called?

<p>Preforaminal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the adventitia layer of blood vessels primarily provide?

<p>Structural support (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery is NOT a branch of the external carotid artery?

<p>Inferior thyroid artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is included in the peripheral vascular system?

<p>Capillaries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vein unites with the basilic vein to form the axillary vein?

<p>Brachial vein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What artery is the largest supplying oxygenated blood to the lower extremity?

<p>Femoral artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery branches does not branch from the femoral artery?

<p>Anterior tibial artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery continues into the popliteal artery?

<p>Femoral artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the great saphenous vein in the superficial venous system?

<p>Drains into the femoral vein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure does the posterior tibial artery supply?

<p>Deep posterior leg muscles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery is responsible for supplying blood to the knee joint?

<p>Inferior genicular artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following veins typically accompany the ulnar artery?

<p>Ulnar veins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main continuation of the femoral artery?

<p>Popliteal artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of veins make up the deep venous system of the lower limbs?

<p>Digital veins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the dorsalis pedis artery?

<p>Anterior tibial artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which branches are given off by the dorsalis pedis artery?

<p>Arcuate artery and first dorsal metatarsal artery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the greater saphenous vein?

<p>Drain blood from the superficial structures of the leg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What veins are considered deep veins of the leg?

<p>Anterior tibial veins and fibular veins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do perforators function in the venous system?

<p>They connect superficial veins to deep veins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Peripheral Vascular System

All blood vessels outside the heart.

Common Carotid Artery

A major artery supplying blood to the head and neck.

Internal Carotid Artery

A branch of the common carotid artery, supplying blood to the brain.

External Carotid Artery

A branch of the common carotid artery, supplying blood to the head and neck's external structures.

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Vertebral Artery

Supplies blood to the brain and spinal cord, branching from the subclavian artery.

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Thyrocervical Trunk

A branch of the subclavian artery, providing blood to the neck and shoulder musculature.

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Jugular Veins

Veins that drain blood from the head and neck back to the heart.

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Layers of Blood Vessel Wall

The blood vessel wall has three layers: Intima, Media, and Adventitia, each with a specific function.

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External Jugular Vein

Drains the head and neck, merging from the retromandibular and posterior auricular veins.

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Internal Jugular Vein

Drains blood from the brain and oral cavity, including facial structures and neck muscles, into the brachiocephalic vein.

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Anterior Jugular Vein

Drains the anterior neck, via submandibular veins, and usually to the external jugular or subclavian.

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Posterior Intercostal Artery

Branches of the subclavian artery (upper), or descending aorta (lower), supplying intercostal muscles and regions.

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Anterior Intercostal Artery

Branches from the internal thoracic artery, supporting the intercostal muscles on the front of the rib cage.

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Internal Thoracic Artery

A branch of the subclavian artery, supplying chest wall structures with branches like the anterior intercostals.

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Inferior Vena Cava

Major vein draining the lower body into the heart; receives blood from abdominal organs and lower extremities.

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Abdominal Aorta Branches

Visceral branches (e.g., celiac trunk, mesenteric arteries) supply abdominal organs, and parietal branches (e.g., lumbar arteries) supply abdominal wall.

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Common Iliac Arteries

Terminal branches of the abdominal aorta, supplying blood to the pelvis and lower limbs.

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Azygos Veins

Major veins draining the posterior thorax and upper abdomen, usually merging into the superior vena cava.

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Where does the superior mesenteric artery supply?

The superior mesenteric artery supplies blood to the cecum, appendix, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon, and parts of the duodenum and pancreas.

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What is the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery?

It is a branch of the superior mesenteric artery that supplies blood to the head of the pancreas and the duodenum.

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What is the ileocolic artery?

It is a branch of the superior mesenteric artery that supplies blood to the ileum, cecum, and appendix.

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What does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?

The inferior mesenteric artery supplies blood to the distal 1/3 of the transverse colon, left colic flexure, descending and sigmoid colons, rectum, and upper half of the anal canal.

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What is the left colic artery?

It is a branch of the inferior mesenteric artery that supplies blood to the distal 1/3 of the transverse colon, left colic flexure, and upper part of the descending colon.

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How is the portal vein formed?

The portal vein is formed behind the neck of the pancreas by the union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein.

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What does the portal vein drain?

The portal vein drains blood from the abdominal part of the gastrointestinal tract (from the lower third of the esophagus to halfway down the anal canal), spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder.

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What are the tributaries of the splenic vein?

The splenic vein is joined by the short gastric and left gastroepiploic veins.

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Dorsalis Pedis Artery

The main artery on the top of the foot, supplying blood to the bones, joints, muscles, and skin of the foot.

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What does the Dorsalis Pedis Artery supply?

The Dorsalis Pedis Artery supplies blood to the tarsal bones, joints, metatarsals, and phalanges of the toes, as well as the muscles and tissues of the foot's dorsal region.

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Greater Saphenous Vein

The longest vein in the body, running from the medial side of the foot up the leg to the thigh, draining blood from the leg and foot.

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Lesser Saphenous Vein

A vein that runs up the back of the leg, draining blood from the foot and calf, and connecting to the popliteal vein behind the knee.

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Deep Veins

Veins located within the deep fascia, surrounded by muscles, carrying a large volume of blood back to the heart.

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Obturator Artery Location

The obturator artery enters the obturator canal, a passageway in the pelvis, by passing forward on the lateral wall of the pelvis, about 2-3 cm below the pelvic brim.

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Uterine Artery Function

The uterine artery is the primary blood supply to the uterus, providing oxygen and nutrients for its growth and function.

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Internal Pudendal Artery

The internal pudendal artery enters the perineum, the area between the anus and external genitalia, through the lesser sciatic foramen.

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Inferior Vesical Artery Function

The inferior vesical artery supplies blood to the fundus of the bladder, the upper part of the bladder, and provides small branches to the distal part of the ureter, which carries urine from the kidney to the bladder.

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Axillary Artery Branches

The axillary artery has six main branches supplying the shoulder and upper arm: superior thoracic, thoracoacromial, lateral thoracic, anterior circumflex humeral, posterior circumflex humeral, and subscapular.

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Brachial Artery Branches

The brachial artery, located in the arm, has four main branches: profunda brachii, nutrient artery to humerus, superior ulnar collateral, and inferior ulnar collateral.

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Radial Artery Branches

The radial artery, located in the forearm, has several branches, including radial recurrent, palmar carpal, and superficial carpal.

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Ulnar Artery Branches

The ulnar artery, found in the forearm, has multiple branches including anterior ulnar recurrent, posterior ulnar recurrent, muscular, common interosseous, dorsal carpal, deep palmar, and palmar carpal.

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Superficial Palmar Arch

The superficial palmar arch is formed by the anastomosis, the joining of two arteries, of the radial and ulnar arteries in the palm of the hand.

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Deep Palmar Arch

The deep palmar arch is another arch formed by the anastomosis of the radial and ulnar arteries, located deeper in the palm of the hand.

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Basilic vein continuation

The basilic vein, running along the inner arm, joins with the brachial veins to form the axillary vein, a significant artery leading out of the armpit.

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Deep Forearm Veins

The radial and ulnar veins, crucial for blood flow within the forearm, typically form two accompanying veins for each of their corresponding arteries.

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Brachial Vein Formation

The brachial vein, running along the upper arm, is created by the joining of the radial and ulnar veins at a point called the cubital fossa.

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Femoral Artery: Main Lower Limb Supply

The femoral artery, a large artery, carries oxygenated blood to the entire lower limb, supplying a vast network of branches.

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Femoral Artery Branches

The femoral artery has many branches, supplying various parts of the lower limb including the superficial epigastric, superficial circumflex iliac, external pudendal and deep femoral arteries.

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Popliteal Artery: Source and Branches

The popliteal artery, located behind the knee, is a continuation of the femoral artery, branching into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries along with numerous genicular arteries.

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Posterior Tibial Artery: Location and Function

The posterior tibial artery runs down the back of the lower leg, supplying deep muscles. It is a branch of the popliteal artery.

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Fibular/Peroneal Artery: Location and Function

The fibular or peroneal artery travels down the back of the lower leg, close to the fibula bone, providing blood to muscles in the posterior compartment.

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Superficial Venous System: Route

The superficial venous system of the lower limbs, starts with small veins in the foot and merges into the great saphenous vein, which eventually leads to the femoral vein.

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Deep Venous System: Route

The deep venous system in the lower limbs begins with smaller veins in the foot, moves through tibial and fibular veins and ends at the popliteal vein, converging with the femoral vein.

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Study Notes

Blood Vessels

  • Blood vessels are tubes that carry blood throughout the body.
  • They exist in all parts of the body, including the head and neck, chest, abdomen, pelvic and perineum, and extremities.
  • The peripheral vascular system is outside the heart and is classified as aorta and its branches, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.

Peripheral Vascular System

  • This system includes all the blood vessels outside the heart.
  • It's comprised of:
    • Aorta and its branches: The major artery carrying blood away from the heart to the body.
    • Arterioles: Tiny arteries that regulate blood flow into capillaries.
    • Capillaries: Microscopic vessels where gas exchange occurs.
    • Venules: Tiny veins, collecting blood from capillaries.
    • Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

Structure of Blood Vessels

  • Blood vessel walls have three main layers:
    • Tunica intima: The innermost layer, with smooth endothelial cells for efficient blood flow, chemical mediators, and contraction regulation
    • Tunica media: The middle layer, composed mostly of smooth muscle and elastic fibers, regulating blood pressure by constriction or dilation (vasoconstriction/vasodilation).
    • Tunica externa/adventitia: The outermost layer, made up of elastic and collagen fibers, supporting and anchoring the vessel, with vasa vasorum (tiny blood vessels) supplying blood to the vessel wall.

Arteries

  • Arteries have thick, muscular walls to withstand high blood pressure.
  • Types:
    • Elastic arteries: Large, with more elastic fibers to accommodate changes in blood flow (e.g., aorta).
    • Muscular arteries: Thicker tunica media with more smooth muscle capable of greater variation in blood flow rate. (e.g., femoral, axillary)
  • Arterioles: Tiny arteries that regulate blood flow to capillary networks with a thin tunica media that controls resistance.

Capillaries

  • Capillaries are the smallest vessels, allowing for exchange of nutrients, waste gases, and water.
  • Types of capillaries:
    • Continuous capillaries: Found in most tissues (CNS, lungs, muscle)
    • Fenestrated capillaries: Have pores allowing for rapid exchange of large substances (kidney, villi of small intestine, endocrine glands)
    • Sinusoids: Very large pores, facilitating large molecule passage (red bone marrow, liver, spleen)

Venules and Veins

  • Venules receive blood from capillaries.
  • Veins have thin walls.
  • Veins have valves to prevent backflow of blood, and a larger lumen (opening) than arteries.

Blood Vessels of the Head and Neck

  • Several major arteries supply these regions:
    • External carotid arteries
    • Internal carotid arteries
    • Vertebral arteries
    • Thyrocervical trunk

Common Carotid Artery

  • Originates in the thorax.
  • Course: Ascends and curves along the neck.
  • Divides into internal and external carotid arteries.

Internal Carotid Artery

  • Major branch of common carotid.
  • Course: Divides into several subdivisions in the neck to its cerebral end.
  • Branches: ophthalmic, anterior and middle cerebral arteries, posterior communicating, and other branches.

External Carotid Artery

  • Branch of common carotid artery.
  • Branches: supply the face, neck, and scalp. Essential for blood flow.

Vertebral Artery

  • Branches from the subclavian artery.
  • Supplies the posterior part of the brain and spinal cord.

Thyrocervical Trunk

  • Comes off from subclavian artery.
  • Supplies various structures in the neck (e.g., inferior thyroid gland).

Veins of the Head and Neck

  • The most important veins of the head and neck are the jugulars (external, internal, and anterior) that drain blood from this region back toward the heart.
  • They are ultimately responsible for the venous drainage of the whole head and neck.

Blood Vessels of the Upper Limb Arteries

  • Subclavian
  • Axillary
  • Brachial
  • Radial
  • Ulnar

###Blood Vessels of the Upper Limb Veins

  • Superficial
  • Deep

Blood Vessels of the Lower Limb

  • Femoral
  • Popliteal
  • Tibial (anterior & posterior)
  • Peroneal (fibular)

Arteries of the Lower Limb

  • External Iliac
  • Femoral
  • Deep Femoral
  • Popliteal
  • Anterior Tibial
  • Posterior Tibial
  • Fibular (Peroneal)

Veins of the Lower Limb

  • Superficial - Great saphenous & Small saphenous
  • Deep
  • Perforators

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Description

Explore the fascinating world of blood vessels and the peripheral vascular system in this quiz. Learn about the different types of blood vessels, their structures, and their critical roles in the circulatory system. Test your knowledge on the aorta, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins!

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