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Questions and Answers
In addition to the blood group (A, B, O, AB), the surface of RBCs has another antigen called the ______ factor.
In addition to the blood group (A, B, O, AB), the surface of RBCs has another antigen called the ______ factor.
Rh
A person who is ______ has the Rh antigen present on their red blood cells.
A person who is ______ has the Rh antigen present on their red blood cells.
Rh+
If a mother is Rh- and the father is Rh+, a child can be ______.
If a mother is Rh- and the father is Rh+, a child can be ______.
Rh+
The presence of Rh+ antigens causes the mother to produce ______ antibodies.
The presence of Rh+ antigens causes the mother to produce ______ antibodies.
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The destruction of the child’s red blood cells by maternal antibodies is called ______ disease of the newborn.
The destruction of the child’s red blood cells by maternal antibodies is called ______ disease of the newborn.
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The Rh problem is prevented by giving Rh- women an ______ antibody about 72 hours after giving birth to an Rh+ child.
The Rh problem is prevented by giving Rh- women an ______ antibody about 72 hours after giving birth to an Rh+ child.
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The purpose of giving Rh- women an anti-D antibody is to prevent the stimulation of their immune system to produce ______.
The purpose of giving Rh- women an anti-D antibody is to prevent the stimulation of their immune system to produce ______.
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Blood transfusion safety requires ______ of the recipient’s and donor’s blood types.
Blood transfusion safety requires ______ of the recipient’s and donor’s blood types.
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Before a blood transfusion, a ______ is performed to ensure the compatibility of the donor and recipient blood.
Before a blood transfusion, a ______ is performed to ensure the compatibility of the donor and recipient blood.
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The Rh factor is important in ______ transfusion as it can cause an immune response.
The Rh factor is important in ______ transfusion as it can cause an immune response.
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Study Notes
Cross Matching Overview
- Cross matching determines compatibility between donor blood and recipient blood prior to transfusion.
- Major blood group systems for compatibility include ABO and Rh.
- Clinical significance arises from the detection of irregular or unexpected antibodies in donor or recipient blood.
Types of Cross Matches
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Major Cross Match:
- Tests donor red cells against recipient serum to identify antibodies that may cause hemolysis or agglutination of donor cells.
- More critical than minor cross match.
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Minor Cross Match:
- Tests donor plasma against recipient red cells to discern antibodies that could lead to hemolysis or agglutination of recipient cells.
Major Cross Match Procedure
- Use 3-5% saline cell suspension of donor red cells and recipient serum/plasma.
- Process includes labeling tubes, mixing components, incubating at 37°C for 60 minutes, washing cells, and adding Anti-human Globulin (AHG).
- Centrifuge and assess for agglutination both macroscopically and microscopically, noting that rouleaux is not a sign of incompatibility.
Minor Cross Match Procedure
- Setup mirrors the major cross match but uses recipient red cells with donor serum.
- Follow similar steps: mixing, incubating, washing, adding AHG, centrifuging, and examining for agglutination.
Rhesus Factor Significance
- Rh factor consists of antigen-D present on the surface of red blood cells.
- Blood types are classified as positive (Rh+) or negative (Rh-), with Rh+ being prevalent in about 85% of individuals.
- Rh factor has implications primarily during pregnancy and blood transfusions.
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)
- Rh incompatibility risk arises when an Rh- mother carries an Rh+ child, leading to potential leakage of Rh+ red blood cells into maternal circulation.
- This can trigger production of maternal anti-Rh antibodies, threatening future Rh+ pregnancies.
- HDN can cause severe complications, including brain damage or death of the newborn.
Prevention of HDN
- Administering Rh immunoglobulin (anti-D antibody) to Rh- women within 72 hours post-birth of an Rh+ child helps prevent sensitization.
- This intervention neutralizes any Rh+ red blood cells in the mother's bloodstream, thus averting an immune response in subsequent pregnancies.
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Description
This quiz covers the procedure of cross matching, a crucial step in determining compatibility between donor and recipient blood. It involves testing for blood group systems and antibodies.
