Blood Physiology: Antigenicity and Immune Reactions

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Questions and Answers

What was the result of blood transfusions from one person to another when they were first attempted?

Only agglutination of the red blood cells

Immediate or delayed agglutination and hemolysis of the red blood cells (correct)

Only hemolysis of the red blood cells

No reaction at all

Why do antibodies in the plasma of one blood type react with antigens on the surfaces of the RBCs of another blood type?

Because the blood types of different people have different antigenic and immune properties (correct)

Because the blood types of different people have different agglutination properties

Because the blood types of different people have different hemolysis properties

Because the blood types of different people have different genetic properties

How many commonly occurring antigens have been found on the surfaces of the cell membranes of human blood cells?

At least 20

At least 50

At least 10

At least 30 (correct)

What is the main significance of the antigens found on the surfaces of human blood cells?

They are of importance principally for studying the inheritance of genes to establish parentage Signup and view all the answers

What two particular types of antigens are much more likely than others to cause blood transfusion reactions?

The O-A-B system and the Rh system Signup and view all the answers

What are type A and type B antigens also known as?

Agglutinogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the reaction between type A and type B antigens and their respective antibodies?

Typical transfusion reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of determining the antigenic and immune properties of the blood types of the donor and recipient?

To prevent typical transfusion reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the blood type when neither A nor B agglutinogen is present?

Type O Signup and view all the answers

How many alleles are present in the ABO blood group genetic locus?

3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the type O allele on the cells?

It is functionless or almost functionless Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the A and B alleles?

The A and B alleles show co-dominance Signup and view all the answers

How many possible combinations of alleles are there?

6 Signup and view all the answers

What is the blood type of an individual with the genotype OA?

Type A Signup and view all the answers

What determines the ABO blood group?

The presence of A and B agglutinogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the six possible combinations of alleles?

Genotypes Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Antigenicity and Immune Reactions of Blood

Early blood transfusions often led to immediate or delayed agglutination and hemolysis of red blood cells (RBCs), resulting in typical transfusion reactions that frequently led to death.
The blood types of different people have different antigenic and immune properties, with antibodies in one blood type reacting with antigens on the surfaces of RBCs of another blood type.

Multiplicity of Antigens in Blood Cells

At least 30 commonly occurring antigens and hundreds of rare antigens have been found on the surfaces of human blood cell membranes.
Most antigens are weak and important for studying the inheritance of genes to establish parentage.
Two main types of antigens that cause blood transfusion reactions are the O-A-B system and the Rh system.

O-A-B Blood Types

Type A and type B antigens (agglutinogens) occur on the surfaces of RBCs in a large proportion of people.
These agglutinogens cause most blood transfusion reactions.
People can have neither A nor B agglutinogens, one, or both simultaneously due to inheritance.

Classification of O-A-B Blood Types

Blood is classified into four major O-A-B blood types: O, A, B, and AB.
Type O blood has neither A nor B agglutinogens.
Type A blood has only type A agglutinogen.
Type B blood has only type B agglutinogen.
Type AB blood has both A and B agglutinogens.

Genetic Determination of Agglutinogens

The ABO blood group genetic locus has three alleles: IA, IB, and IO.
These alleles determine the three blood types: A, B, and O.
The type O allele is functionless or almost functionless, while the type A and type B alleles cause strong agglutinogens on the cells.
The O allele is recessive to both the A and B alleles, which show co-dominance.

Genotypes and Blood Types

Each person has two sets of chromosomes, with one of the three alleles present on each chromosome.
There are six possible combinations of alleles: OO, OA, OB, AA, BB, and AB.
These combinations of alleles are known as the genotypes.
Each genotype corresponds to a specific blood type:
OO: O
OA or AA: A
OB or BB: B
AB: AB

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Description

Learn about the antigenicity of blood and its role in causing immune reactions, including agglutination and hemolysis of red blood cells during blood transfusions.