40 Questions
During the secondary immune response, which antibody will be in higher concentration?
IgG
What is the primary antibody type produced in the secondary immune response?
IgG
What is the primary function of antibodies?
Neutralize toxins and viruses
What does opsonization by antibodies involve?
Making microorganisms more easily ingested by phagocytic cells
What is the primary antibody in the fetus due to its ability to cross the placenta?
IgG
What are the tests used for the evaluation of humoral immunity?
Nephelometry and Immuno-electrophoresis
Which complement pathway requires activation by an immune complex?
Classic
How many proteins does the complement system consist of approximately?
20
Where are complement proteins synthesized mainly?
Liver
Which antibody mediates Erythroblastosis Fetalis?
IgG
What is the central molecule of the complement system?
C3b
Is complement a part of innate or adaptive immunity?
Innate
What type of immunity is humoral immunity?
Antibody-mediated immunity
What is humoral immunity primarily directly against?
Exotoxin mediated diseases
Which specific exotoxins does humoral immunity directly target?
Tetanus and diphtheria
What is the primary immune response?
The response when an antigen enters the body for the first time
About how many days is the lag period in the primary immune response?
7-10 days
What is the secondary response?
A second encounter with the same antigen or closely related one
Where are the genes for HLA proteins clustered?
On chromosome 6 in the MHC
What are the primary reasons for first-set allograft rejections?
T cell mediated reactions
What is the indirect process in allograft rejection?
Recipient's APCs present donor's proteins to recipient's immune system
What is the patient result of allograft organ transplants of the kidneys?
Long-term success with proper tissue matching
What antigens cause most blood transfusion reactions?
ABO antigens
What determines a person’s blood type?
The antigens present on the surface of red blood cells
What is the function of C3b in the complement pathways?
Marks foreign and targets it for destruction
In the classic pathway, what does the C1 complex form and what is its function?
C1 complex forms protease; its function is to cleave C2 and C4 to form C4b, 2b complex
How is the alternative pathway of the complement system initiated?
By binding of C3 (H2O) and factor B
What is the principle of agglutination testing?
It is based on the presence of agglutinating antibodies in patient sera that can react with specific antigens to form visible clumps
What is the function of the membrane attack complex in the complement system?
Causes cytolsis of cells
What are the uses of serologic tests?
Diagnosis of infectious diseases, determination of blood type and HLA type
What is the principle of Nephelometry?
Measuring the optical density of the precipitate formed by specific antibody densities
What is the use of single diffusion (radial immunodiffusion) test?
Measuring antibodies to influenza virus in serum
What is the principle of radioimmunoassay (RIA)?
Measuring the concentration of antigens through the use of antibodies
What is the use of the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) test?
Detecting and quantifying soluble substances (peptides, proteins, antibodies, antigens, and hormones)
What is the principle of immunofluorescence (fluorescent antibody) test?
Use of UV lights to show the specific combination of antigen with its antibody
What is complement fixation test used for?
Basis of some tests to detect the presence of specific antibodies or antigens
What is the Western Blot test used for?
To detect HIV; specific protein molecules from among a mixture of proteins
What is the flow cytometry (FCM) test used for?
To detect, identify and count specific cells and identity particular components within cells
What is the principle measurement of radioimmunoassay?
Radio emission which gives sensitivity
What is the principle measurement of single diffusion (radial immunodiffusion) test?
Antibody is incorporated in agar gel; antigen is applied to the well; ring of precipitation is measured and will be directly proportional to the concentration of the antigen
Test your knowledge about blood transfusion reactions, antigen-antibody reactions, and immunosuppressive medications in this quiz. Learn about the impact of Rh factor, agglutinogens, and the effects of immunosuppressive drugs on the immune system.
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