Blood Transfusion and Immunology Quiz

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During the secondary immune response, which antibody will be in higher concentration?

IgA

IgE

IgG (correct)

IgM

What is the primary antibody type produced in the secondary immune response?

IgM

IgA

IgG (correct)

IgE

What is the primary function of antibodies?

Enhance cell-mediated immunity

Opsonize microorganisms

Neutralize toxins and viruses (correct)

Activate complement system

What does opsonization by antibodies involve?

Making microorganisms more easily ingested by phagocytic cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary antibody in the fetus due to its ability to cross the placenta?

IgG (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are the tests used for the evaluation of humoral immunity?

Nephelometry and Immuno-electrophoresis (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which complement pathway requires activation by an immune complex?

Classic (A) Signup and view all the answers

How many proteins does the complement system consist of approximately?

20 (D) Signup and view all the answers

Where are complement proteins synthesized mainly?

Liver (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which antibody mediates Erythroblastosis Fetalis?

IgG (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the central molecule of the complement system?

C3b (A) Signup and view all the answers

Is complement a part of innate or adaptive immunity?

Innate (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is humoral immunity?

Antibody-mediated immunity (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is humoral immunity primarily directly against?

Exotoxin mediated diseases (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which specific exotoxins does humoral immunity directly target?

Tetanus and diphtheria (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary immune response?

The response when an antigen enters the body for the first time (D) Signup and view all the answers

About how many days is the lag period in the primary immune response?

7-10 days (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the secondary response?

A second encounter with the same antigen or closely related one (A) Signup and view all the answers

Where are the genes for HLA proteins clustered?

On chromosome 6 in the MHC (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary reasons for first-set allograft rejections?

T cell mediated reactions (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the indirect process in allograft rejection?

Recipient's APCs present donor's proteins to recipient's immune system (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the patient result of allograft organ transplants of the kidneys?

Long-term success with proper tissue matching (D) Signup and view all the answers

What antigens cause most blood transfusion reactions?

ABO antigens (C) Signup and view all the answers

What determines a person’s blood type?

The antigens present on the surface of red blood cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of C3b in the complement pathways?

Marks foreign and targets it for destruction (A) Signup and view all the answers

In the classic pathway, what does the C1 complex form and what is its function?

C1 complex forms protease; its function is to cleave C2 and C4 to form C4b, 2b complex (A) Signup and view all the answers

How is the alternative pathway of the complement system initiated?

By binding of C3 (H2O) and factor B (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle of agglutination testing?

It is based on the presence of agglutinating antibodies in patient sera that can react with specific antigens to form visible clumps (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the membrane attack complex in the complement system?

Causes cytolsis of cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are the uses of serologic tests?

Diagnosis of infectious diseases, determination of blood type and HLA type (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle of Nephelometry?

Measuring the optical density of the precipitate formed by specific antibody densities (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of single diffusion (radial immunodiffusion) test?

Measuring antibodies to influenza virus in serum (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle of radioimmunoassay (RIA)?

Measuring the concentration of antigens through the use of antibodies (A), Measuring the concentration of antigens through the use of antibodies (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) test?

Detecting and quantifying soluble substances (peptides, proteins, antibodies, antigens, and hormones) (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle of immunofluorescence (fluorescent antibody) test?

Use of UV lights to show the specific combination of antigen with its antibody (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is complement fixation test used for?

Basis of some tests to detect the presence of specific antibodies or antigens (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the Western Blot test used for?

To detect HIV; specific protein molecules from among a mixture of proteins (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the flow cytometry (FCM) test used for?

To detect, identify and count specific cells and identity particular components within cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle measurement of radioimmunoassay?

Radio emission which gives sensitivity (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle measurement of single diffusion (radial immunodiffusion) test?

Antibody is incorporated in agar gel; antigen is applied to the well; ring of precipitation is measured and will be directly proportional to the concentration of the antigen (A) Signup and view all the answers