Blood Physiology and Hemostasis Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the first step of hemostasis after a blood vessel is injured?

  • Plasmin activation
  • Coagulation mechanism
  • Vasoconstriction (correct)
  • Platelet clot formation

Which of the following blood types is considered Rh positive?

  • O+ (correct)
  • ARh–
  • BRh–
  • ABRh–

A complete blood count (CBC) does NOT include which of the following?

  • Platelet count
  • Total red blood cells (RBCs)
  • Total white blood cells (WBCs)
  • Plasma protein concentration (correct)

Leukocytosis is indicative of which condition?

<p>Inflammation or infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the hematocrit measure?

<p>Proportion of cellular elements in the blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is most likely associated with increased eosinophils?

<p>Allergic responses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In blood typing, what determines the ABO blood group?

<p>Presence of specific antigens on erythrocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) indicate?

<p>The oxygen-carrying capacity of blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a reticulocyte count primarily assess?

<p>Bone marrow function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy is specifically used to treat severe anemia or thrombocytopenia?

<p>Whole blood transfusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of measuring prothrombin time (PT)?

<p>To measure coagulation factor function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition could Epoetin alfa be used to address?

<p>Anemia related to cancer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A reduction in oxygen transport in the body is primarily caused by what condition?

<p>Hemoglobin deficit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is NOT typically associated with general signs of anemia?

<p>Fever (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does chemical analysis of blood typically determine?

<p>Serum levels of components like cholesterol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment requires a close tissue match?

<p>Bone marrow or stem cell transplantation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary consequence of oxygen deficit in the body?

<p>Inflamed digestive tract leading to stomatitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of red blood cells is characteristic of iron deficiency anemia?

<p>Microcytic and hypochromic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one common cause of iron deficiency anemia?

<p>Chronic blood loss from various sources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic is most commonly affected by iron deficiency anemia?

<p>Women of childbearing age (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition results from a lack of intrinsic factor in the body?

<p>Pernicious anemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of iron deficiency anemia?

<p>Weight gain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What immediate effect does iron deficiency have on red blood cells?

<p>Reduced hemoglobin synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors may impair iron absorption?

<p>Chronic liver disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of aplastic anemia?

<p>Radiation exposure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of aplastic anemia?

<p>Increased erythrocyte production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary physiological event in hemolytic anemia?

<p>Destruction of red blood cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about sickle cell anemia is true?

<p>Sickle cell crisis is triggered by low oxygen levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of anemia is particularly mentioned to have a genetic basis?

<p>Sickle cell anemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complication can arise from sickle cell anemia?

<p>Increased risk of thrombus formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of detecting pancytopenia in blood counts?

<p>Suggests bone marrow impairment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What genetic trait provides some protection against malaria in the context of sickle cell anemia?

<p>Heterozygous condition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of polycythemia?

<p>Fatigue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common diagnostic test finding in blood-clotting disorders?

<p>Increased cell counts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about Hemophilia A is true?

<p>It is an X-linked recessive disorder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely treatment for polycythemia?

<p>Periodic phlebotomy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of thromboses in polycythemia?

<p>Infarctions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is associated with bleeding disorders?

<p>Unexplained bruising (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic test result would likely be abnormal in someone with Hemophilia A?

<p>PTT prolonged (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause hepatomegaly in polycythemia?

<p>Increased blood viscosity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the causes of pernicious anemia?

<p>Chronic gastritis often contributes to its development. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Vitamin B12 in the body?

<p>It is essential for the function and maintenance of neurons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common manifestation of pernicious anemia?

<p>Enlarged and sore tongue. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What diagnostic test can indicate pernicious anemia?

<p>Microscopic examination of erythrocytes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is not typically associated with pernicious anemia?

<p>Chronic oxidative stress. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom may occur due to a significant deficiency of Vitamin B12?

<p>Tingling and pins and needles in limbs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment option is not typically considered for myelodysplastic syndromes?

<p>Antiviral medications. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Myelodysplastic syndromes involve which of the following?

<p>Inadequate production of cells by the bone marrow. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hemostasis

The process of stopping bleeding, involving vasoconstriction, platelet clot formation, and coagulation.

Plasmin

A blood clot is broken down by this enzyme.

ABO Antigens

These antigens on red blood cell membranes determine an individual's blood type in the ABO system.

Rh System

This blood type system is based on the presence or absence of the D antigen.

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CBC (Complete Blood Count)

A complete blood count, this test measures the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the blood.

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Leukocytosis

An abnormally high number of white blood cells, often indicating infection or inflammation.

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Leukopenia

An abnormally low number of white blood cells, sometimes associated with viral infections or chemotherapy.

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Eosinophils

A type of white blood cell often elevated in allergic reactions.

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What is anemia?

A reduction in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, caused by a deficiency of hemoglobin.

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What is coagulation?

The formation of a blood clot to stop bleeding.

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What does prothrombin time (PT) measure?

A test that measures the time it takes for blood to start clotting.

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What does the partial thromboplastin time (PTT) evaluate?

A specific test that measures how quickly blood clots in response to a specific substance.

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What is the international normalized ratio (INR)?

A standardized version of the prothrombin time (PT), used to ensure consistency across labs.

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What is aplastic anemia?

A type of anemia caused by a deficiency of red blood cells due to impaired bone marrow function.

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What is pernicious anemia?

A type of anemia caused by a lack of vitamin B12, leading to abnormal red blood cell development.

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What is iron-deficiency anemia?

A type of anemia caused by iron deficiency, leading to smaller, paler red blood cells.

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What are some causes of aplastic anemia?

Aplastic anemia can be triggered by exposure to radiation, industrial chemicals, certain drugs, viruses like hepatitis C, or genetic abnormalities like Fanconi's anemia.

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What are the blood count findings in aplastic anemia?

Anemia, leukopenia (low white blood cell count), and thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) are characteristic of aplastic anemia.

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How is aplastic anemia diagnosed?

A blood test showing abnormally low levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, and a bone marrow biopsy can help diagnose aplastic anemia.

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What is hemolytic anemia?

Hemolytic anemia is caused by the premature destruction of red blood cells, leading to anemia.

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What are some causes of hemolytic anemia?

Hemolytic anemia can be triggered by genetic defects, immune reactions, changes in blood chemistry, infections like malaria, toxins, or antigen-antibody reactions.

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Describe sickle cell anemia.

Sickle cell anemia is a genetic condition in which the red blood cells are misshapen due to an abnormal hemoglobin, leading to anemia, pain, and organ damage.

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What happens during a sickle cell crisis?

People with sickle cell anemia experience sickle cell crises when oxygen levels decrease, as the sickled cells block blood flow in small vessels, leading to pain and tissue damage.

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What are the causes of pernicious anemia?

Dietary insufficiency is rare, and genetic factors may play a role, especially in light-skinned women of northern European descent. Chronic gastritis and gastric surgery can also contribute to the deficiency.

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How does vitamin B12 affect nerve cells?

It's a vital nutrient for the proper function and maintenance of nerve cells. A significant deficiency can lead to symptoms in the peripheral nerves, but these symptoms may be reversible with proper treatment.

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What are the main symptoms of pernicious anemia?

The tongue is enlarged, red, sore, and shiny. Digestive discomfort is common, with nausea and diarrhea. You might also experience a tingling or pins and needles sensation in the limbs.

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How is pernicious anemia diagnosed?

Microscopic examination of blood, bone marrow examination (hyperactive), vitamin B12 serum levels below normal, and the presence of hypochlorhydria or achlorhydria (low or absent stomach acid), and gastric atrophy.

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What are myelodysplastic syndromes?

A group of diseases characterized by inadequate production of blood cells by the bone marrow, leading to various deficiencies. Symptoms include anemia and other complications depending on the type of deficiency.

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What are some causes of myelodysplastic syndromes?

They can be idiopathic (unknown cause) or develop after chemotherapy or radiation treatment.

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How are myelodysplastic syndromes treated?

Depending on the type of deficiency, treatment options include transfusion replacement, chelation therapy to reduce iron overload, and even bone marrow transplantation.

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What are the consequences of oxygen deficit in anemia?

Oxygen deficit in anemia leads to various consequences, including impaired epithelial cell regeneration, causing inflammation and ulceration in the digestive tract, leading to stomatitis, inflamed and cracked lips, difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), and hair and skin degeneration. Severe anemia can also result in angina (chest pain) or congestive heart failure (CHF).

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How prevalent is iron deficiency anemia?

Iron deficiency anemia is prevalent, ranging from mild to severe. It affects various age groups, but is more common in women of childbearing age. It's estimated that one in five women is affected, with the proportion increasing during pregnancy. This anemia often signals an underlying health problem.

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What is the appearance of red blood cells in iron deficiency anemia?

The blood smear of a person with iron deficiency anemia shows characteristic features like small, pale red blood cells (microcytic, hypochromic RBCs).

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What causes iron deficiency anemia?

Iron deficiency anemia can result from various factors: inadequate dietary iron intake, chronic blood loss from conditions like ulcers, hemorrhoids, or cancer, impaired iron absorption in the duodenum due to malabsorption syndromes, or severe liver disease affecting both iron absorption and storage.

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What are the signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia?

Common signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia include: pale skin and mucous membranes, fatigue, lethargy, cold intolerance, irritability, degenerative changes, mouth sores (stomatitis) and inflammation of the tongue (glossitis), menstrual irregularities, delayed wound healing, rapid heart rate (tachycardia), palpitations, shortness of breath (dyspnea), and fainting (syncope).

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What is polycythemia?

A condition where the body produces too many red blood cells, increasing blood viscosity and potentially leading to complications like blood clots.

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What is Thrombocytopenia?

A type of blood disorder characterized by too few or poorly functioning platelets, resulting in excessive bleeding.

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What is Hemophilia A?

A rare genetic blood disorder where blood clotting factor VIII is missing or deficient, leading to prolonged bleeding.

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What is a Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)?

A test used specifically to measure how quickly blood clots, especially in response to a specific substance.

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What color is blood in the stool when there is internal bleeding?

The color of blood in the stool when there has been internal bleeding in the digestive system.

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What are Petechiae?

Pinpoint-sized, flat, red spots on the skin or mucous membranes, caused by bleeding under the skin.

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What is Hemarthrosis?

A sign of a blood clotting disorder characterized by bleeding into the joints, causing pain, swelling, and redness.

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What is a Prothrombin Time (PT) test?

A test to evaluate how long it takes blood to start clotting, useful for diagnosing blood clotting disorders.

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Study Notes

Blood and Circulatory System Disorders

  • The circulatory system comprises the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems.
  • This chapter covers blood vessels, blood composition, and associated disorders.

Blood Vessels

  • Arteries and arterioles carry blood away from the heart.
  • Veins and venules return blood to the heart.
  • Capillaries are the site of microcirculation within tissues, facilitating gas, nutrient, and waste exchange.
  • Systemic circulation involves the exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes in tissues.
  • Pulmonary circulation facilitates gas exchange in the lungs.
  • Arteries contain endothelium, smooth muscle, and connective tissue layers.
  • Veins have endothelium, smooth muscle, and connective tissue (with elastic and collagen fibers) but include valves.
  • Capillaries comprise a single layer of endothelium.

Blood

  • Blood consists of plasma (and plasma proteins) and cellular components (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes/platelets).
  • Plasma proteins include albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen.
  • Cellular components include erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells) and thrombocytes/platelets (involved in clotting).

Hematopoiesis

  • Hematopoiesis is the formation of blood cells within bone marrow from a stem cell called a hemocytoblast.
  • The formation of blood cells from stem cells involves multiple phases and types of cells in various stages of development.

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

  • Erythrocytes have a biconcave shape.
  • They lack a nucleus in the mature stage.
  • They contain hemoglobin, which includes a globin portion and heme group.
  • Erythrocytes have a lifespan of approximately 120 days.
  • Erythropoietin, originating in the kidneys, drives red blood cell production.

Breakdown of Hemoglobin

  • Senescent or damaged red blood cells are recycled in the spleen and liver.
  • Hemoglobin is broken down into heme and globin.
  • Globin is broken down into amino acids and reused.
  • Heme is broken down into iron and bilirubin.
  • Iron is recycled and bilirubin is processed by the liver into bile.

Blood Clotting (Hemostasis)

  • Hemostasis involves three stages: vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, and coagulation.
  • Plasmin eventually breaks down the blood clot.

Hemostasis and Anticoagulant Drugs

  • Various pathways (intrinsic and extrinsic) are involved in blood clotting.
  • Different drugs, such as oral anticoagulants and thrombolytics, interfere with blood clotting, either to stop or to facilitate clotting depending on the purpose and condition.

Blood Typing

  • Blood typing is based on antigens present on the surface of red blood cells.
  • The ABO blood groups are based on the presence or absence of A and B antigens and corresponding antibodies.
  • The Rh system is based on the presence or absence of the D antigen.

Diagnostic Tests

  • Complete blood counts (CBCs) measure red blood cell count, white blood cell count, and platelet count.
  • Morphology (examining a blood smear) helps to identify different types of anemia.
  • Hematocrit determines the percentage of red blood cells in total blood volume.
  • Hemoglobin quantifies hemoglobin per unit blood volume and measures oxygen-carrying capacity.
  • Other tests, such as reticulocyte counts, chemical analyses (e.g., iron, vitamin B12, folic acid), bleeding time, prothrombin time, and partial thromboplastin time, assist in blood disorder diagnosis.

Blood Therapies

  • Whole blood, packed red blood cells, and platelets are used as therapeutic interventions for severe anemia or thrombocytopenia.
  • Plasma or colloid solutions maintain blood volume.
  • Artificial blood products provide compatibility with different blood types.
  • Epoetin alfa is an artificial form of erythropoietin that aids in red blood cell production in conditions like anemia, chronic renal failure, or before certain surgeries.
  • Bone marrow or stem cell transplants treat certain cancers and immunodeficiency diseases.
  • Drugs help with blood clotting.

Blood Dyscrasias

  • Describes various blood disorders.
  • Anemias are characterized by a decreased ability to carry oxygen, usually caused by hemoglobin deficit.
  • Compensation mechanisms try to compensate for the reduced ability to carry oxygen.
  • Iron deficiency anemia and pernicious anemia are examples of common anemias, differing in cause, symptoms, and treatment.
  • Myelodysplastic syndromes happen when bone marrow produces inadequate/incomplete cells.
  • Aplastic anemia is a bone marrow failure affecting all blood cell types.
  • Hemolytic anemias involve excessive destruction of red blood cells.
  • Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder causing abnormal hemoglobin, leading to deformed red blood cells causing various complications.
  • Polycythemia (primary and secondary types) reflects an increased number of red blood cells, often caused by an underlying condition or prolonged hypoxia.

Blood Clotting Disorders

  • Common clotting disorders include hemophilia A, von Willebrand's disease, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
  • Hemophilia and von Willebrand's disease involve deficiencies in specific clotting factors.
  • DIC is characterized by widespread clotting and bleeding, typically resulting from an underlying condition.

The Leukemias

  • Leukemias are cancers affecting white blood cells, causing uncontrolled production and release of immature and nonfunctional white blood cells.
  • The different leukemias, like acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), or chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), can affect different age groups and are categorized by cell type.
  • Various diagnostic tests and treatment approaches, such as chemotherapy and biological therapy (e.g., interferon), are used in leukemia management.
  • Complications of leukemia include opportunistic infections (pneumonia), congestive heart failure, hemorrhage, liver failure, renal failure, and central nervous system depression.

Multiple Myeloma

  • Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells (one type of white blood cell) characterized by increased plasma cell counts, bone tumors, and impaired functioning of other blood cells.
  • The prognosis for multiple myeloma is generally poor, and the disorder often leads to reduced lifespan.

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