Blood Composition and Functions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the normal pH range of human blood?

  • $7.50-7.80$
  • $6.5-7.0$
  • $7.0-7.5$
  • $7.35-7.45$ (correct)

    • What is the approximate volume of blood in an adult human?

  • 5 liters (correct)
  • 3 liters
  • 2 liters
  • 7 liters

    • What is the proportion of plasma and formed elements in human blood?

  • 50% plasma, 50% formed elements
  • 60% plasma, 40% formed elements
  • 45% plasma, 55% formed elements
  • 55% plasma, 45% formed elements (correct)

    • What is the normal hematocrit range for males?

    <p>42%-52%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?

    <p>To bind and transport oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary hormone responsible for stimulating the production of red blood cells?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for Vitamin B12 deficiency in individuals with pernicious anemia?

    <p>Intramuscular injection of Vitamin B12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition results from the excessive destruction of red blood cells?

    <p>Hemolytic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common treatment for Thalassemia patients?

    <p>Blood transfusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is characterized by a deficiency of von Willebrand factor?

    <p>Von Willebrand disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying cause of Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS)?

    <p>Inadequate production of cells by bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor triggers the release of von Willebrand factor in cases where treatment is necessary?

    <p>Factor VIII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of blood dyscrasias and anemias on the body?

    <p>Decreased oxygen transport in the blood and lower energy levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Malabsorption of iron due to gastrointestinal issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of pernicious anemia?

    <p>Lack of intrinsic factor needed for B12 absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary neurological effect of vitamin B12 deficiency?

    <p>Demyelination of peripheral nerves and the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended preventive measure for reducing the risk of spina bifida in fetuses?

    <p>Supplementation with folic acid (vitamin B9) for women of childbearing age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of atrophy of the gastric mucosa in pernicious anemia?

    <p>Decreased production of hydrochloric acid, leading to malabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hematopoiesis?

    <p>The production of new blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell is the first to respond to danger?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of basophils?

    <p>To release histamine and heparin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the fibrinolysis process?

    <p>To break down blood clots after healing has occurred</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood type is considered the universal donor?

    <p>O negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a high leukocyte count (leukocytosis) often indicate?

    <p>Inflammation or infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment approach for patients with polycythemia?

    <p>Phlebotomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between acute and chronic leukemias?

    <p>Different symptoms presentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of chronic leukemias in terms of cell maturity?

    <p>High percentage of mature cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT a sign or symptom of polycythemia?

    <p>Severe hemorrhage in the brain or digestive tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common childhood cancer, accounting for 80% of cases?

    <p>Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception regarding hypertension?

    <p>Men are more likely to have hypertension after menopause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a category of hypertension mentioned in the text?

    <p>Transient hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of varicose veins according to the passage?

    <p>Damage to valves in veins leading to backflow of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a possible side effect of ACE inhibitors mentioned in the text?

    <p>A persistent dry cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT listed as a contributing factor to thrombus (blood clot) development?

    <p>Increased blood viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of peripheral vascular disease and atherosclerosis?

    <p>Elevated blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of shock is characterized by a decrease in circulating blood volume?

    <p>Hypovolemic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of aortic aneurysm is described as 'a bulging wall on one side' in the text?

    <p>Saccular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between thrombophlebitis and phlebothrombosis according to the passage?

    <p>Thrombophlebitis refers to a thrombus with inflammation, while phlebothrombosis refers to a spontaneous thrombus without inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT listed as a potential complication of prolonged shock?

    <p>Increased red blood cell production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a possible cause of dissecting aortic aneurysms?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor that can increase the risk of varicose veins?

    <p>Pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which venous thrombosis can lead to pulmonary embolism?

    <p>The thrombus breaks off and travels to the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key difference between cardiogenic shock and hypovolemic shock?

    <p>The cause of the decreased blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of septic shock according to the passage?

    <p>Systemic response to infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT listed as a potential cause of varicose veins in the passage?

    <p>Decreased platelet count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Veins and Varicose Veins

    • Superficial veins lack muscle support and can stretch out due to excessive hydrostatic pressure, leading to valve damage and backflow of blood.
    • Familial tendency, trauma, IV administration, thrombophlebitis, standing, and tight clothing can contribute to varicose veins.
    • Treatment includes support hose, elevating feet, and sclerosing agents to obliterate veins.

    Thrombophlebitis and Phlebothrombosis

    • Thrombophlebitis refers to thrombus development in a vein with inflammation.
    • Phlebothrombosis is a thrombus formation without inflammation.
    • 3 factors contribute to thrombus development: stasis of blood, endothelial injury, and increased blood coagulation.
    • Venous thrombosis can lead to pulmonary embolism.

    Shock

    • Shock results from decreased circulating blood volume, leading to decreased tissue perfusion and hypoxia.
    • Types of shock include:
      • Hypovolemic shock: decreased blood volume
      • Cardiogenic shock: decreased heart contraction
      • Obstructive shock: interference with blood flow
      • Neurogenic shock: suppression of sympathetic nervous system
      • Anaphylactic shock: severe allergic reaction
      • Septic shock: systemic response to infection

    Blood

    • Composition of blood: 55% plasma, 45% formed elements
    • Hematocrit: proportion of cells in blood, indicates viscosity
    • Plasma proteins: albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen
    • Blood cells originate in bone marrow

    Blood Cells and Hematopoiesis

    • RBCs: non-nucleated after maturation, carry oxygen using hemoglobin
    • Erythropoietin: hormone produced by kidneys, stimulates erythrocyte production
    • RBC count: 4.2-6.2 million per cubic mm
    • Hemoglobin: 4 heme groups and globin, carries oxygen
    • RBC life span: 120 days

    Leukocytes

    • Divided into granulocytes and agranulocytes
    • Neutrophils: most common, survive 4 days, respond to danger
    • Lymphocytes: comprise 40-50% of WBCs, B cells and T cells
    • Monocytes: enter tissue, become macrophages
    • Differential count: indicates number of WBCs in the sample

    Thrombocytes

    • Necessary for blood clotting (hemostasis)
    • Aspirin and other pain medicines can reduce platelet stickiness
    • Hemostasis: 3 steps: vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation

    Antigenic Blood Types

    • ABO and Rh blood grouping
    • A or B antigens on RBC cell membranes
    • Universal donor: O negative, universal recipient: AB positive

    Diagnostic Tests

    • CBC: complete blood count
    • Leukocytosis: too high, often indicates inflammation or infection
    • Leukopenia: too low, often indicates viral infection
    • Hematocrit: percentage of blood volume
    • Hemoglobin: measured as mean cellular hemoglobin (MCH)

    Blood Clotting Disorders

    • Excessive bleeding: thrombocytopenia, chemotherapy, defective platelet function
    • Von Willebrand disease: deficiency of von Willebrand factor
    • Treatment: injection or nasal spray of desmopressin

    Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

    • Often life-threatening due to excessive bleeding and clotting
    • Initiated by various disorders, including obstetric complications, Gram-negative bacteria, and carcinomas

    Anemias

    • General information: reduce oxygen transport in blood, cause fatigue and shortness of breath
    • Compensation mechanisms: tachycardia, peripheral vasoconstriction
    • Signs and symptoms: pallor, fatigue, dyspnea, tachycardia
    • Chronic anemia: leads to congestive heart failure

    Iron Deficiency Anemia

    • Reduction in iron leads to reduction in carrying capacity of oxygen
    • Causes: dietary deficiency, chronic blood loss, malabsorption
    • Signs and symptoms: pallor, fatigue, lethargy, cold intolerance

    Pernicious Anemia (Vitamin B12 Deficiency)

    • Characterized by large, immature, nucleated erythrocytes
    • Deficiency of B12 or B9 (folic acid)
    • Signs and symptoms: pallor, fatigue, lethargy, cold intolerance
    • Treatment: supplements, increase intake of iron-rich foods

    Neoplastic Blood Disorders

    • Polycythemia: increased production of RBCs and other cells in bone marrow
    • Leukemias: group of neoplastic disorders involving WBCs
    • Acute leukemias: characterized by high number of 'blast' cells in bone marrow and peripheral circulation
    • Chronic leukemias: have higher percentage of mature cells with mild signs, insidious onset, and better prognosis

    Vascular Disorders

    • Hypertension: high blood pressure

    • Causes: familial tendency, trauma, IV administration, thrombophlebitis, standing, and tight clothing

    • Treatment: phlebotomy, removal of blood to minimize risk of thromboses or hemorrhage### Hypertension

    • Known as the "silent killer" due to insidious onset and mild signs

    • Categories: Primary (idiopathic, blood pressure consistently over 140/90), Secondary (due to renal or endocrine disease/tumor), and Malignant (extremely high blood pressure, a true emergency)

    • Signs and symptoms: Vague in early stages; fatigue, malaise, morning headache; key sign is consistently elevated blood pressure

    • Treatment: Compliance is key; lifestyle changes (low salt diet, reduce body weight, less stress, increase exercise); mild diuretics (thiazide diuretics); ACE inhibitors (possible side effect: persistent dry cough)

    Peripheral Vascular Disease and Atherosclerosis

    • Abnormality in arteries or veins outside of the heart
    • Signs and symptoms: Increasing fatigue and weakness in legs; intermittent claudication (leg pain due to exercise); sensory impairment (paresthesia); weak or absent pedal and popliteal pulses
    • Diagnostic test: Doppler Studies (ultrasonography) and arteriography
    • Treatment: usual diet, stop smoking, exercise, lose weight, elevate legs when sitting, compression hose, surgery (bypass grafting, angioplasty, endarterectomy)

    Aortic Aneurysms

    • Weakening of an artery wall (most common in thoracic and abdominal aorta)
    • Shapes: Saccular (bulging wall on one side), Fusiform (circumferential dilation)
    • Dissecting aneurysm: tear in the intima allowing blood to flow between layers of the arterial wall
    • Signs and symptoms: Asymptomatic until very large or rupture; abdominal aneurysms may be palpated
    • Diagnosis: Ultrasound, CT scan, radiography, MRI
    • Treatment: Surgery, avoiding elevations of blood pressure

    Venous Disorders (Varicose Veins)

    • Irregular dilated and tortuous superficial or deep veins
    • Most common in legs, but can be in esophagus and rectum (hemorrhoids)
    • Weakness in vein walls possible due to standing for long periods
    • Risk factors: Prolonged standing, obesity, family history, pregnancy

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    Description

    Test your knowledge about the composition and functions of blood. Learn about the pH range, volume, components like plasma and formed elements, and the significance of hematocrit levels. Explore the roles of plasma proteins such as albumin in maintaining osmotic pressure.

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