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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of the session led by Associate Professor Mike Todorovic?
What is the primary focus of the session led by Associate Professor Mike Todorovic?
Which learning outcome involves understanding the process of blood clotting?
Which learning outcome involves understanding the process of blood clotting?
What is covered in the workshop related to blood groups?
What is covered in the workshop related to blood groups?
What material is recommended for further information on blood?
What material is recommended for further information on blood?
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What is a possible indicator of the level of erythropoiesis?
What is a possible indicator of the level of erythropoiesis?
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How long do reticulocytes mature in the bloodstream?
How long do reticulocytes mature in the bloodstream?
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Which aspect of blood does NOT relate to the learning outcomes of this session?
Which aspect of blood does NOT relate to the learning outcomes of this session?
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Which learning outcome is covered in the practical workshop later in the week?
Which learning outcome is covered in the practical workshop later in the week?
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What is added to a glycoprotein to produce the A antigen?
What is added to a glycoprotein to produce the A antigen?
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Which blood group does not modify the glycoprotein?
Which blood group does not modify the glycoprotein?
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What is the probability of a person in Australia having O+ blood type?
What is the probability of a person in Australia having O+ blood type?
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What type of antibodies does an Rh- individual produce after exposure to Rh+ blood?
What type of antibodies does an Rh- individual produce after exposure to Rh+ blood?
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What type of injection is typically used for administering anti-D immunoglobulin?
What type of injection is typically used for administering anti-D immunoglobulin?
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How is Haemolytic disease of the newborn primarily prevented in Rh- mothers?
How is Haemolytic disease of the newborn primarily prevented in Rh- mothers?
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Which of the following can act as a sensitising event for producing anti-D antibodies?
Which of the following can act as a sensitising event for producing anti-D antibodies?
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Which option correctly describes the Rhesus factor?
Which option correctly describes the Rhesus factor?
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Who is not recommended to receive Rh(D) immunoglobulin?
Who is not recommended to receive Rh(D) immunoglobulin?
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What is the consequence for a Rh- person who receives blood from an Rh+ donor?
What is the consequence for a Rh- person who receives blood from an Rh+ donor?
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In which situation should anti-D immunoglobulin be administered to an Rh- female?
In which situation should anti-D immunoglobulin be administered to an Rh- female?
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Which blood type is least common in Australia?
Which blood type is least common in Australia?
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What is the potential consequence of sensitization in an Rh- woman?
What is the potential consequence of sensitization in an Rh- woman?
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What is a common procedure that can result in sensitization for an Rh- mother?
What is a common procedure that can result in sensitization for an Rh- mother?
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Why is special care required for an Rh- woman who has developed anti-D antibodies?
Why is special care required for an Rh- woman who has developed anti-D antibodies?
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Which of the following statements about anti-D plasma sources in Australia is correct?
Which of the following statements about anti-D plasma sources in Australia is correct?
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Study Notes
Blood Overview
- Blood is a fluid connective tissue with a complex composition
- Blood comprises plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%)
- Plasma is mostly water (over 90%) with proteins like albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen, along with electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, gases, and waste products.
- Formed elements include red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes).
Blood Composition
- Plasma: the liquid portion of blood.
- 55% of total blood volume
- Mostly comprised of water
- Contains dissolved proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, gases, and waste products.
- Formed elements: the cellular components of blood.
- 45% of total blood volume is formed elements.
- 99% of formed elements are red blood cells
- <1% of formed elements are white blood cells and platelets.
- Haematocrit: the percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells.
- Normal values: males ~47% ± 5%; females ~42% ± 5%.
Physical Characteristics of Blood
- Viscosity (thickness): thicker than water, flows more slowly than water.
- Temperature: 38°C
- pH: around 7.4 (range 7.35-7.45)
- Volume: approximately 5-6 liters in males and 4-5 liters in females
- 8% of total body weight.
Blood Functions
- Transportation: carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, metabolic wastes, nutrients, heat, hormones, and medications.
- Regulation: regulates pH (through buffers), body temperature, and the composition of intracellular fluid.
- Protection: protects against disease (immunity) and inflammation (through components like white blood cells and platelets).
Blood Cells
- Red blood cells (erythrocytes):
- Contain haemoglobin which gives blood its red color.
- Biconcave disc shape increases surface area for oxygen absorption and transportation
- No nucleus or organelles, thus don't divide.
- Lifespan of 120 days
- Responsible for transportation of oxygen and CO2
- White blood cells (leukocytes):
- Granulocytes (eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils) have granules in cytoplasm & are involved in immunity and inflammation.
- Agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes) lack granules & play important roles in immune responses.
- Platelets (thrombocytes)
- Help in blood clotting
- Cell fragments, not complete cells.
Blood Groups
- ABO blood group system: based on the presence or absence of A and/or B antigens on red blood cells and corresponding antibodies in the plasma.
- Blood types: A, B, AB, and O.
- Rh factor: another blood group system. Presence or absence of Rh antigen.
- Rh-positive or Rh-negative.
Haematopoiesis
- Process of blood cell production.
- Occurs in bone marrow, liver, and spleen.
- Stem cells called pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells are the origin of all blood cells.
Blood Clotting (Haemostasis)
- Three stages: 1) Vascular spasm, 2) Platelet plug formation, 3) Blood clotting (coagulation)
- Clotting factors, calcium, and substances released by platelets are needed in cascade reactions.
Blood Clotting Continued
- Extrinsic pathway: activated by trauma to tissues outside blood vessels.
- Intrinsic pathway: activated by trauma to the inside lining of blood vessels.
Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)
- Incompatibility of Rh factors between a pregnant woman and her fetus.
- Antibodies produced against Rh+ blood, leading to destruction of the baby's red blood cells.
- Management involves preventing an initial sensitization of the mother and managing or treating the effects on the fetus if sensitization has occurred.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential components of blood, including its composition of plasma and formed elements. Explore the differences between red and white blood cells, as well as the role of plasma in maintaining bodily functions. Test your knowledge on the haematocrit and its significance in blood volume.
