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Questions and Answers
What is the total blood volume in an adult man relative to body weight?
What is the total blood volume in an adult man relative to body weight?
What is the primary function of albumin in the blood?
What is the primary function of albumin in the blood?
Which plasma protein is synthesized by the liver at a rate of ~120 mg/kg body weight per day?
Which plasma protein is synthesized by the liver at a rate of ~120 mg/kg body weight per day?
What is the oncotic pressure contributed by plasma proteins at a normal concentration of ~7.0 g/dL?
What is the oncotic pressure contributed by plasma proteins at a normal concentration of ~7.0 g/dL?
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What does an increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) indicate?
What does an increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) indicate?
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What is the main component of formed elements in blood?
What is the main component of formed elements in blood?
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What is the normal range of plasma albumin concentration?
What is the normal range of plasma albumin concentration?
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What is the half-life of albumin in circulation?
What is the half-life of albumin in circulation?
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What is the significance of an elevated ESR in a patient with lupus erythematosus?
What is the significance of an elevated ESR in a patient with lupus erythematosus?
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Which type of cells are primarily responsible for synthesizing immunoglobulins?
Which type of cells are primarily responsible for synthesizing immunoglobulins?
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Which immunoglobulin is NOT one of the main types listed?
Which immunoglobulin is NOT one of the main types listed?
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What is hematopoiesis?
What is hematopoiesis?
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Which of the following statements about plasma proteins is true?
Which of the following statements about plasma proteins is true?
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In a peripheral blood smear, which of these mature cell types is NOT typically recognized?
In a peripheral blood smear, which of these mature cell types is NOT typically recognized?
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Which type of granulocyte is specifically involved in allergic reactions?
Which type of granulocyte is specifically involved in allergic reactions?
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What would a blood laboratory likely perform to analyze blood proteins?
What would a blood laboratory likely perform to analyze blood proteins?
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What is the principal function of hematopoiesis?
What is the principal function of hematopoiesis?
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Which type of stem cells is capable of self-renewal and found in adult bone marrow?
Which type of stem cells is capable of self-renewal and found in adult bone marrow?
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What do short-term hematopoietic stem cells (ST-HSCs) give rise to?
What do short-term hematopoietic stem cells (ST-HSCs) give rise to?
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Which mature cell type is NOT produced from burst-forming units (BFUs)?
Which mature cell type is NOT produced from burst-forming units (BFUs)?
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What role do cytokines play in hematopoiesis?
What role do cytokines play in hematopoiesis?
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Which of the following is a potential outcome of hematopoiesis?
Which of the following is a potential outcome of hematopoiesis?
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What do colony-forming units (CFUs) ultimately produce?
What do colony-forming units (CFUs) ultimately produce?
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Which immune cells are produced from the hematopoiesis process?
Which immune cells are produced from the hematopoiesis process?
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Which cytokine is specifically responsible for stimulating the proliferation of neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes-macrophages?
Which cytokine is specifically responsible for stimulating the proliferation of neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes-macrophages?
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What role does erythropoietin (EPO) play in hematopoiesis?
What role does erythropoietin (EPO) play in hematopoiesis?
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Recombinant GM-CSF is clinically used after which medical procedure?
Recombinant GM-CSF is clinically used after which medical procedure?
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Which of the following cytokines guides the development of granulocytes?
Which of the following cytokines guides the development of granulocytes?
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Donald Metcalf's research highlighted the significance of which family of factors?
Donald Metcalf's research highlighted the significance of which family of factors?
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What type of protein is GM-CSF classified as?
What type of protein is GM-CSF classified as?
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Which colony-stimulating factor is not involved in the development of monocytes?
Which colony-stimulating factor is not involved in the development of monocytes?
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Which of the following factors is involved in stimulating the production of platelets?
Which of the following factors is involved in stimulating the production of platelets?
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What is the normal range for α2-globulin in plasma protein concentration?
What is the normal range for α2-globulin in plasma protein concentration?
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Which conventional unit concentration range is used for total protein in plasma?
Which conventional unit concentration range is used for total protein in plasma?
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What is the normal concentration range of amylase in U/L?
What is the normal concentration range of amylase in U/L?
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For males, what is the normal range for alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in U/L?
For males, what is the normal range for alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in U/L?
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What is the normal range of alkaline phosphatase for adults over 20 years?
What is the normal range of alkaline phosphatase for adults over 20 years?
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What is the normal concentration range for total protein in plasma?
What is the normal concentration range for total protein in plasma?
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Which glycoprotein is produced by the liver and kidney and is important for erythropoiesis?
Which glycoprotein is produced by the liver and kidney and is important for erythropoiesis?
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What is the role of TPO in blood cell production?
What is the role of TPO in blood cell production?
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What are α2-globulins' normal concentration ranges in plasma?
What are α2-globulins' normal concentration ranges in plasma?
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Which protein is referenced as significantly involved in sustaining eosinophil differentiation?
Which protein is referenced as significantly involved in sustaining eosinophil differentiation?
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Which protein is involved in transporting vitamin D in the blood?
Which protein is involved in transporting vitamin D in the blood?
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Which of the following proteins is synthesized primarily in the liver?
Which of the following proteins is synthesized primarily in the liver?
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What is the primary function of α1-globulins in plasma?
What is the primary function of α1-globulins in plasma?
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Study Notes
Blood Composition
- Blood is a complex fluid containing plasma (extracellular fluid rich in proteins) and formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets).
- Total blood volume is approximately 70 mL/kg in women and 80 mL/kg in men.
Whole Blood
- Spinning down a blood sample with an anticoagulant separates formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, and platelets) at the bottom (buffy coat) and plasma at the top.
- Red blood cells have the highest density, forming the bottom layer.
- Hematocrit measures the fraction of the total blood column occupied by red blood cells. Normal hematocrit is about 40% in women and 45% in men. It is 55% in newborns and goes down to 35% by 2 months.
Plasma
- Plasma is a liquid, pale-white solution containing electrolytes, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.
- A pink color in plasma indicates hemolysis (red blood cell breakdown).
- A brown-green color suggests elevated bilirubin.
- Plasma protein concentration is typically ~7.0 g/dL, contributing to colloid osmotic pressure (oncotic pressure) ~25 mm Hg.
- Major plasma proteins include albumin, fibrinogen, globulins, and coagulation factors. Molecular weights of plasma proteins range up to 970 kDa.
- Albumin (3.5-5.5 g/dL) is produced by the liver, with a 20-day half-life and crucial for colloidal osmotic pressure.
- Hepatic cirrhosis often leads to a lower plasma albumin concentration.
Coagulation
- Coagulation involves a complex cascade resulting in the cleavage of fibrinogen into fibrin monomers.
- Fibrin polymers trap blood cells, forming a clot. Fibrinogen is a liver-produced dimer that circulates at 150-300 mg/dL
- Acute-phase response significantly enhances fibrinogen synthesis.
- Serum is plasma with fibrinogen removed, containing albumin, antibodies, and other proteins. Plasma clots don't retract as they lack platelets.
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
- Erythrocytes are the most abundant blood cells, responsible for oxygen transport and carbon dioxide removal.
- They are nonnucleated, biconcave cells, ~7.5 μm in diameter and with a ~90 fL volume.
- Hemoglobin is the main component of red blood cells (high concentration).
- Structure is crucial for efficient gas exchange.
Hematopoiesis
- Hematopoiesis is the formation of blood cells.
- It begins with pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow, which differentiate into various cell lineages (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets).
- Cytokines like GM-CSF, G-CSF, M-CSF, IL-3, IL-5, TPO, and EPO regulate hematopoiesis.
Bone Marrow
- Bone marrow is the primary site for hematopoiesis.
- It contains stem cells that differentiate into all types of blood cells.
- Cytokines like EPO and TPO stimulate the production of specific blood cells.
Erythropoietin
- Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein produced mainly in the kidney.
- It stimulates erythropoiesis (red blood cell production).
Blood Viscosity
- Blood viscosity is non-Newtonian, meaning its relationship between shear stress and shear rate is not linear.
- Factors such as hematocrit and fibrinogen concentration affect blood viscosity, especially at low shear rates.
- Higher hematocrit generally leads to increased viscosity, particularly at high concentrations.
- Radius of blood vessels influences viscosity at low shear rates (especially in capillaries). Cells tend to move to the center of smaller vessels for less resistance.
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
- Leukocytes are crucial for immune responses and combat infections.
- Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes) are two main groups.
- Neutrophils are most abundant. Lymphocytes (T and B cells) are involved in cell-mediated and humoral immunity respectively.
- Monocytes differentiate into macrophages, which play roles in immune responses.
Platelets
- Platelets are cell fragments (not full cells) necessary for hemostasis and blood clotting.
- Their lifespan is about 10 days.
- Megakaryocytes produce platelets in bone marrow. Factors like TPO and IL-3 are important.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the components of blood including plasma and formed elements. This quiz covers blood volume, hematocrit levels, and the characteristics of plasma. Dive into the intricacies of blood and enhance your understanding of its vital roles in the human body.
