Blood and Myeloid Tissue
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Questions and Answers

What is found in the top layer of a centrifuged anticoagulated tube of blood?

  • Buffy coat (WBC and Platelets)
  • Red blood cells (hematoctrit)
  • Hematopoietic tissue
  • Plasma (correct)

    • Which cell type is primarily responsible for oxygen transport in the blood?

  • Leukocytes
  • Platelets
  • Hematopoietic stem cells
  • Erythrocytes (correct)

    • Which of the following processes involves the formation of white blood cells?

  • Hematopoiesis (correct)
  • Thrombocytopoiesis
  • Erythropoiesis
  • Granulopoiesis

    • In stages of blood development, what term refers to the production of platelets?

    <p>Thrombocytopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of leukocytes in the blood?

    <p>Fight infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of neutrophils?

    <p>They have two or more distinct lobes in their nuclei.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of granule found in neutrophils?

    <p>Lysosomal granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do arylsulfatase and collagenase play in leukocytes?

    <p>They neutralize leukotrienes secreted by basophils.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do neutrophils differ in size compared to red blood cells?

    <p>They are larger.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the nuclear morphology of neutrophils is accurate?

    <p>The lobes of their nuclei change shape and position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of blood plasma is composed of water?

    <p>92%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plasma protein is most abundant and plays a key role in osmotic pressure?

    <p>Albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of plasma proteins in blood?

    <p>Buffer against pH changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the solvent in blood plasma?

    <p>Suspends formed elements and dissolves solutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) related to red blood cells?

    <p>Refers to the concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Albumin in blood plasma?

    <p>To bind and transport fatty acids and electrolytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of blood plasma consists of plasma proteins?

    <p>7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component contributes significantly to the viscosity of blood?

    <p>Plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding α-Globulins?

    <p>They transport lipids and some metal ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate total blood volume in an average adult?

    <p>6 – 7L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of γ-Globulins in the blood?

    <p>They function as antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of blood is responsible for maintaining pH balance and regulating osmosis?

    <p>Electrolytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plasma protein is a precursor of fibrin and participates in blood clotting?

    <p>Fibrinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a formed element of blood?

    <p>Plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to clotting factors in serum compared to plasma?

    <p>They are decreased.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of proteins are regulatory proteins found in plasma?

    <p>Enzymes and hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of plasma proteins do β-Globulins constitute?

    <p>Approximately 4%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of fibrinogen?

    <p>Blood coagulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What abnormal finding is noted in RBCs when observed in a mono-layer?

    <p>Irregularly shaped cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average lifespan of red blood cells?

    <p>120 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the RBC membrane?

    <p>Lipid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the ABO blood group types?

    <p>Presence of A, B, or O antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of granules do eosinophils have that play a role in combating parasites?

    <p>Specific granules/Secondary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of eosinophils?

    <p>Fighting viral infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of leukocytes in the body?

    <p>Performing functions related to immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of agranulocytes distinguishes them from granulocytes?

    <p>Presence of primary non-specific granules only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is NOT found in the specific granules of eosinophils?

    <p>Histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of histaminase produced by eosinophils?

    <p>Neutralizing histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of plasma in blood?

    <p>It serves as a solvent for various substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What division of hematopoietic cells focuses on the production of platelets?

    <p>Thrombocytopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of blood cell development, which stage specifically pertains to the maturation of red blood cells?

    <p>Erythrocyte maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leukocyte is primarily involved in combating parasitic infections?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of a centrifuged anticoagulated tube of blood?

    <p>Three distinct layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the structure of neutrophils?

    <p>They typically have 2-4 lobes in their nuclei that can change shape and position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary size range of mature neutrophils?

    <p>12-15 um in diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of granules are predominantly found in neutrophils?

    <p>Specific and azurophilic granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leukocyte is known as a polymorph or segmenter?

    <p>Neutrophil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is NOT mentioned as being secreted by basophils and mast cells?

    <p>Histaminase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary energy source for erythrocytes?

    <p>Anaerobic glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by abnormally shaped and fragile red blood cells?

    <p>Hereditary spherocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to red blood cells in hereditary elliptocytosis?

    <p>They pile up and form structures called Rouleaux.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of waste products like creatinine and urea in the blood?

    <p>Serve no function and are transported for removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a central pallor greater than one-third of the cell indicate?

    <p>Hypochromia, indicating potential abnormal conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature of erythrocytes allows them to pass through narrow capillaries?

    <p>Biconcave shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mutation is associated with hereditary spherocytosis?

    <p>Ankyrin complex mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of erythrocytes in terms of organelles?

    <p>Lack nuclei and organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average lifespan of red blood cells?

    <p>120 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the roles of eosinophils in the immune system?

    <p>Neutralizing histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of the red blood cell membrane is crucial for determining blood types?

    <p>Glycoproteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of granules do eosinophils primarily possess?

    <p>Specific granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell does NOT have specific granules?

    <p>Lymphocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which granule contains a substance that causes nervous system dysfunction in parasitic organisms?

    <p>Eosinophil derived neurotoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is NOT generated by eosinophils?

    <p>Myeloperoxidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to approximately 1% of red blood cells each day?

    <p>They are destroyed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is known to degrade bacterial cell walls?

    <p>Lysozyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique feature can be seen in the nuclei of eosinophils?

    <p>Bilobed structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary to maintain the integrity of the red blood cell membrane?

    <p>Adequate lipid content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is classified as a granulocyte?

    <p>Basophil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do defensins play in eosinophils?

    <p>Bind and disrupt cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cytokines promotes the trigger of IgE antibodies?

    <p>IL-4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these cells are primarily responsible for immune response against parasitic infections?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subclass of granules in eosinophils are responsible for anticoagulation?

    <p>Azurophilic granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes agranulocytes as distinct from granulocytes?

    <p>Lack of specific granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining feature of basophils?

    <p>Metachromatic and large granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about hematopoietic stem cells is accurate?

    <p>They have the potential to develop into multiple types of blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the 'buffy coat' layer of a centrifuged blood sample?

    <p>It contains white blood cells and platelets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of blood cell development is granulopoiesis specifically focused?

    <p>Maturation of leukocytes in the bone marrow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is primarily responsible for the viscosity of blood?

    <p>Plasma proteins, particularly albumin, are the main contributors to blood viscosity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of the bone marrow in blood development?

    <p>It is the primary site of leukocyte production and maturation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of plasma is primarily made up of water?

    <p>92%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for exerting osmotic force to retain fluid within the microvasculature?

    <p>Albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the proteins found in blood plasma?

    <p>Buffer against pH changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plasma component constitutes the majority of the plasma proteins?

    <p>Albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of water within blood plasma?

    <p>Dissolves proteins and solutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of blood plasma is composed of plasma proteins?

    <p>7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) related to red blood cells?

    <p>It indicates the average hemoglobin concentration in red cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main contributions of plasma proteins to blood's properties?

    <p>Buffers pH and contributes to viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinctive feature is associated with the nuclei of neutrophils?

    <p>2-4 lobes joined by thinner strands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of granule in neutrophils is primarily described as refractile and intensely colored?

    <p>Specific Granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional role of arylsulfatase secreted by certain leukocytes?

    <p>Neutralize leukotrienes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristics best describe the size and nuclear shapes of mature neutrophils?

    <p>12-15 um in diameter with 2-4 lobes that change shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of neutrophils?

    <p>Being the smallest type of leukocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of protein is primarily responsible for the structural integrity and flexibility of red blood cells as they navigate narrow spaces?

    <p>Spectrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary extracellular gas that is involved in aerobic cellular respiration and plays a critical role in energy production?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of blood proteins is crucial for synthesizing energy and also acts as a precursor for other biomolecules?

    <p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of carbon dioxide is typically dissolved in plasma, contributing to its transport in the blood?

    <p>~7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein within red blood cells is primarily responsible for blood typing by presenting antigens?

    <p>Glycophorin A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following proteins is considered a peripheral membrane protein rather than an integral membrane protein?

    <p>Spectrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient contributes to the synthesis of fatty acids and is found in blood plasma at a significant level?

    <p>Cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following complexes is responsible for facilitating the shape change of red blood cells during their passage through narrow areas?

    <p>Spectrin and associated proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is primarily associated with cytotoxic effects on protozoans and helminthic parasites in eosinophils?

    <p>Major basic protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the daily removal of approximately 1% of red blood cells from circulation?

    <p>Senescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature distinguishes agranulocytes from granulocytes?

    <p>Absence of specific granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of glycoproteins and glycolipids in the RBC membrane?

    <p>Antigen determination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of granules in eosinophils is specifically known for causing nervous system dysfunction in parasitic organisms?

    <p>Eosinophil derived neurotoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component accounts for approximately 40% of the cell membrane structure in red blood cells?

    <p>Lipid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of histaminase released by eosinophils?

    <p>Augmenting inflammatory responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average lifespan of red blood cells in healthy adults?

    <p>120 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is primarily responsible for the integrity of the red blood cell membrane?

    <p>Lipid bilayer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of neutrophils?

    <p>Segmentation of the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Blood Composition

    • Blood is composed of plasma, red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), and platelets.
    • Plasma is a fluid that makes up about 55% of blood volume.
      • It is mainly water (92%) with dissolved proteins (7%), nutrients, gases, and waste products.
      • Plasma proteins are crucial for maintaining osmotic pressure, transporting substances, and clotting.
    • RBCs make up about 45% of blood volume, responsible for oxygen transport.
    • WBCs, also called leukocytes, are crucial for immune defense.
    • Platelets are small cell fragments involved in blood clotting.

    Red Blood Cells (RBC)

    • RBCs are biconcave discs (flexible) with a diameter of 7-8 μm.
    • The lack of nuclei allows more space for hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen.
    • RBCs are responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the tissues.
    • They have a lifespan of 120 days.

    White Blood Cells (WBC)

    • WBCs are classified into two main categories: granulocytes and agranulocytes.
    • Granulocytes contain specific granules and possess multi-lobed nuclei.
      • Neutrophils are abundant in the body and are the first responders to infection.
        • They have 2-4 lobes in their nucleus.
      • Eosinophils are involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections.
        • They have a bilobed nucleus with numerous pink-orange granules.
        • They contain MBP (Major Basic Protein), ECP (Eosinophil Cationic Protein), and EPO (Eosinophil Peroxidase), which are cytotoxic to parasites.
      • Basophils are involved in allergic reactions and inflammation.
        • They have a large, irregularly shaped nucleus with deeply stained granules.
    • Agranulocytes do not contain specific granules and have a large, single nucleus.
      • Lymphocytes are involved in adaptive immunity.
        • They are the smallest WBCs and have a large, round nucleus.
      • Monocytes are involved in phagocytosis and antigen presentation.
        • They are the largest WBCs and have a horseshoe-shaped nucleus.

    Hematopoiesis

    • Hematopoiesis is the process of blood cell production.
    • It occurs in the bone marrow, a specialized tissue that produces all types of blood cells.
    • All blood cells derive from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).
    • These cells are pluripotent, meaning they can differentiate into all types of blood cells.

    Peripheral Blood Smear

    • A peripheral blood smear is a microscopic examination of blood.
    • It helps in assessing the number, morphology, and maturity of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.

    Complete Blood Count (CBC)

    • A CBC is a blood test that provides information about the number and type of blood cells.
    • It is a vital diagnostic tool for identifying and diagnosing various medical conditions.

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    Blood & Myeloid Tissue Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the components and functions of blood with this quiz. Questions cover topics such as oxygen transport, cell production, and the role of leukocytes. Ideal for biology students and healthcare professionals.

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