Podcast
Questions and Answers
If a patient has a significantly higher than normal erythrocyte count, which characteristic of their blood would most likely be affected?
If a patient has a significantly higher than normal erythrocyte count, which characteristic of their blood would most likely be affected?
- Volume, increasing above the average of 5 liters
- Color, shifting towards a brighter red hue
- Viscosity, resulting in a thicker consistency (correct)
- Temperature, decreasing below one degree Celsius higher than body temperature
Which of the following best describes the role of capillaries in the cardiovascular system?
Which of the following best describes the role of capillaries in the cardiovascular system?
- Pumping blood to maintain constant pressure throughout the body
- Transporting blood back to the heart from various parts of the body
- Transporting blood away from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation
- Allowing the exchange of substances between the blood and body tissues (correct)
A patient's blood pH is measured at 7.30. What does this indicate about their blood's acidity?
A patient's blood pH is measured at 7.30. What does this indicate about their blood's acidity?
- The blood is slightly acidic, below the normal range. (correct)
- The blood is within the normal alkaline range.
- The blood is slightly more alkaline than normal.
- The reading indicates a high level of oxygen in the blood.
Which scenario would most likely result in blood being a darker red color?
Which scenario would most likely result in blood being a darker red color?
What is the primary function of arteries in the cardiovascular system?
What is the primary function of arteries in the cardiovascular system?
Why is maintaining the appropriate pH crucial for plasma protein integrity?
Why is maintaining the appropriate pH crucial for plasma protein integrity?
What explains the difference in hematocrit levels between adult males and females?
What explains the difference in hematocrit levels between adult males and females?
How would severe dehydration likely affect a person's hematocrit and why?
How would severe dehydration likely affect a person's hematocrit and why?
What are the visual characteristics that help differentiate erythrocytes from leukocytes on a blood smear?
What are the visual characteristics that help differentiate erythrocytes from leukocytes on a blood smear?
If a patient's blood sample was centrifuged (spun down), which component would you expect to find in the bottom layer of the tube, and why?
If a patient's blood sample was centrifuged (spun down), which component would you expect to find in the bottom layer of the tube, and why?
What is the primary role of plasma proteins in maintaining blood volume and pressure?
What is the primary role of plasma proteins in maintaining blood volume and pressure?
A patient with advanced liver disease exhibits significant tissue swelling (edema). Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause?
A patient with advanced liver disease exhibits significant tissue swelling (edema). Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause?
Which characteristic of blood plasma facilitates the dissolution of polar and charged substances?
Which characteristic of blood plasma facilitates the dissolution of polar and charged substances?
If a scientist added a large quantity of nonpolar molecules to blood plasma, what compensatory mechanism would the body likely employ to maintain homeostasis?
If a scientist added a large quantity of nonpolar molecules to blood plasma, what compensatory mechanism would the body likely employ to maintain homeostasis?
Which of the following plasma components is also known to act as transport proteins?
Which of the following plasma components is also known to act as transport proteins?
How would significant burns to a large portion of the body affect colloid osmotic pressure and blood pressure?
How would significant burns to a large portion of the body affect colloid osmotic pressure and blood pressure?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between plasma protein concentration and colloid osmotic pressure?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between plasma protein concentration and colloid osmotic pressure?
A researcher is studying the composition of blood plasma and observes a sample with unusually low levels of albumin. What effect would this have on the movement of fluids within the body?
A researcher is studying the composition of blood plasma and observes a sample with unusually low levels of albumin. What effect would this have on the movement of fluids within the body?
Where does hematopoiesis primarily occur in the human body?
Where does hematopoiesis primarily occur in the human body?
Which of the following formed elements is responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide?
Which of the following formed elements is responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide?
What structural feature of erythrocytes allows them to efficiently transport gases?
What structural feature of erythrocytes allows them to efficiently transport gases?
Which of the following components is NOT a part of a hemoglobin molecule?
Which of the following components is NOT a part of a hemoglobin molecule?
What is the role of iron in a hemoglobin molecule?
What is the role of iron in a hemoglobin molecule?
What is the primary function of erythropoietin (EPO)?
What is the primary function of erythropoietin (EPO)?
Why might endurance athletes use erythropoietin (EPO)?
Why might endurance athletes use erythropoietin (EPO)?
Which process involves the production of leukocytes?
Which process involves the production of leukocytes?
Which process leads to the formation of platelets?
Which process leads to the formation of platelets?
How does testosterone influence erythrocyte production?
How does testosterone influence erythrocyte production?
Why is it critical to determine the blood type before performing a blood transfusion?
Why is it critical to determine the blood type before performing a blood transfusion?
An individual with type A blood is being tested. The blood sample agglutinates when mixed with anti-A serum, but not with anti-B serum. What does this indicate about the individual's blood type?
An individual with type A blood is being tested. The blood sample agglutinates when mixed with anti-A serum, but not with anti-B serum. What does this indicate about the individual's blood type?
Why does a second exposure to Rh+ blood in an Rh- individual typically result in a transfusion reaction?
Why does a second exposure to Rh+ blood in an Rh- individual typically result in a transfusion reaction?
A patient requires a blood transfusion but the laboratory only has type B blood available. If the patient has type O blood, what is the likely outcome if they receive the transfusion and why?
A patient requires a blood transfusion but the laboratory only has type B blood available. If the patient has type O blood, what is the likely outcome if they receive the transfusion and why?
During an agglutination test, a sample of blood is mixed separately with anti-A serum and anti-B serum. No agglutination occurs in either sample. What blood type is indicated by these results?
During an agglutination test, a sample of blood is mixed separately with anti-A serum and anti-B serum. No agglutination occurs in either sample. What blood type is indicated by these results?
A doctor is explaining the importance of Rh compatibility during pregnancy to a patient who is Rh-. Which statement best describes the primary risk associated with Rh incompatibility?
A doctor is explaining the importance of Rh compatibility during pregnancy to a patient who is Rh-. Which statement best describes the primary risk associated with Rh incompatibility?
A patient with type AB+ blood can receive blood from which of the following blood types without a transfusion reaction?
A patient with type AB+ blood can receive blood from which of the following blood types without a transfusion reaction?
A medical technician is preparing for a blood transfusion. The donor is type A- and the intended recipient is type AB+. Which of the following describes the most likely outcome and immunological basis if the transfusion is performed?
A medical technician is preparing for a blood transfusion. The donor is type A- and the intended recipient is type AB+. Which of the following describes the most likely outcome and immunological basis if the transfusion is performed?
Which type of leukocyte is the most abundant in the blood and serves as the first responder to infection sites?
Which type of leukocyte is the most abundant in the blood and serves as the first responder to infection sites?
What is the primary role of basophils in the immune response?
What is the primary role of basophils in the immune response?
Which leukocytes are primarily responsible for attacking abnormal and infected tissue cells?
Which leukocytes are primarily responsible for attacking abnormal and infected tissue cells?
What process describes leukocytes squeezing through blood vessel walls to enter tissues?
What process describes leukocytes squeezing through blood vessel walls to enter tissues?
Which of the following best describes the function of chemotaxis in leukocyte activity?
Which of the following best describes the function of chemotaxis in leukocyte activity?
Which type of granulocyte is most active during parasitic worm infections?
Which type of granulocyte is most active during parasitic worm infections?
How do monocytes contribute to the immune response once they leave the bloodstream?
How do monocytes contribute to the immune response once they leave the bloodstream?
What is the role of B-lymphocytes in the immune response?
What is the role of B-lymphocytes in the immune response?
A patient presents with chronic allergy symptoms. Which leukocyte is likely contributing to these symptoms through the release of histamine?
A patient presents with chronic allergy symptoms. Which leukocyte is likely contributing to these symptoms through the release of histamine?
In a blood sample, a differential white blood cell count shows an elevated number of eosinophils. Which condition is most likely indicated by this result?
In a blood sample, a differential white blood cell count shows an elevated number of eosinophils. Which condition is most likely indicated by this result?
Which of the following is the primary role of vascular spasms in hemostasis?
Which of the following is the primary role of vascular spasms in hemostasis?
What role does von Willebrand factor (vWF) play in platelet plug formation?
What role does von Willebrand factor (vWF) play in platelet plug formation?
How does the administration of Vitamin K affect blood coagulation?
How does the administration of Vitamin K affect blood coagulation?
During the coagulation cascade, what is the role of thrombin?
During the coagulation cascade, what is the role of thrombin?
How do endothelial cells lining the blood vessels prevent undesirable clot formation?
How do endothelial cells lining the blood vessels prevent undesirable clot formation?
Which of the following events occurs during clot retraction?
Which of the following events occurs during clot retraction?
Why is the rapid removal of clotting factors important in limiting clot growth?
Why is the rapid removal of clotting factors important in limiting clot growth?
What is the role of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) in the context of hemostasis and tissue repair?
What is the role of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) in the context of hemostasis and tissue repair?
How does Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) contribute to the repair of a damaged blood vessel?
How does Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) contribute to the repair of a damaged blood vessel?
What is the role of fibrinolysis in hemostasis?
What is the role of fibrinolysis in hemostasis?
Why is the Rh factor clinically significant, especially during pregnancy?
Why is the Rh factor clinically significant, especially during pregnancy?
Which of the following is the most likely consequence of a person with type A blood receiving a transfusion of type B blood?
Which of the following is the most likely consequence of a person with type A blood receiving a transfusion of type B blood?
An agglutination test is performed on a blood sample. Agglutination occurs with anti-A serum but not with anti-B serum. Which blood type is indicated by these results?
An agglutination test is performed on a blood sample. Agglutination occurs with anti-A serum but not with anti-B serum. Which blood type is indicated by these results?
During a blood transfusion, what occurs when a recipient's antibodies encounter incompatible antigens on the donor's erythrocytes?
During a blood transfusion, what occurs when a recipient's antibodies encounter incompatible antigens on the donor's erythrocytes?
If an Rh-negative individual is exposed to Rh-positive blood for the first time, what immunological process must occur before a subsequent exposure can cause a transfusion reaction?
If an Rh-negative individual is exposed to Rh-positive blood for the first time, what immunological process must occur before a subsequent exposure can cause a transfusion reaction?
How do blood vessels maintain blood pressure and prevent it from dropping too low?
How do blood vessels maintain blood pressure and prevent it from dropping too low?
If a patient has a blood volume of 6 liters, which of the following could this indicate?
If a patient has a blood volume of 6 liters, which of the following could this indicate?
How would a significant increase in the number of red blood cells affect blood viscosity, and why?
How would a significant increase in the number of red blood cells affect blood viscosity, and why?
How do blood vessels contribute to the regulation of body temperature?
How do blood vessels contribute to the regulation of body temperature?
What would be the effect on blood pH if someone hyperventilates excessively, and why?
What would be the effect on blood pH if someone hyperventilates excessively, and why?
If blood appears bright red, what does this indicate about its oxygen content?
If blood appears bright red, what does this indicate about its oxygen content?
How do carrier proteins assist in the composition of blood plasma?
How do carrier proteins assist in the composition of blood plasma?
What effect would liver damage have on blood's ability to maintain appropriate viscosity, and why?
What effect would liver damage have on blood's ability to maintain appropriate viscosity, and why?
In what way do plasma proteins influence fluid distribution between blood and tissues?
In what way do plasma proteins influence fluid distribution between blood and tissues?
If a patient has a condition that severely reduces their plasma protein levels, what physiological change would most likely occur?
If a patient has a condition that severely reduces their plasma protein levels, what physiological change would most likely occur?
During exercise, blood is redirected to skeletal muscles. How does this redistribution affect blood flow to other parts of the body?
During exercise, blood is redirected to skeletal muscles. How does this redistribution affect blood flow to other parts of the body?
How does the concentration of plasma proteins affect blood pressure?
How does the concentration of plasma proteins affect blood pressure?
Which of the following best describes the role of LDL and HDL in blood plasma?
Which of the following best describes the role of LDL and HDL in blood plasma?
How does the presence of electrolytes in blood plasma contribute to maintaining homeostasis?
How does the presence of electrolytes in blood plasma contribute to maintaining homeostasis?
In cases of severe liver disease, why might a patient develop edema (tissue swelling)?
In cases of severe liver disease, why might a patient develop edema (tissue swelling)?
Which characteristic of blood plasma ensures that polar and charged substances dissolve more readily?
Which characteristic of blood plasma ensures that polar and charged substances dissolve more readily?
Besides water, what other major component contributes significantly to the overall composition of blood plasma?
Besides water, what other major component contributes significantly to the overall composition of blood plasma?
If a patient is found to have a deficiency in enzymes within their blood plasma, what bodily function might be directly compromised?
If a patient is found to have a deficiency in enzymes within their blood plasma, what bodily function might be directly compromised?
Which of the following best describes the significance of the biconcave disc shape of erythrocytes?
Which of the following best describes the significance of the biconcave disc shape of erythrocytes?
In what way does the lack of a nucleus and organelles contribute to the primary function of erythrocytes?
In what way does the lack of a nucleus and organelles contribute to the primary function of erythrocytes?
How does the structure of hemoglobin directly facilitate the transport of oxygen?
How does the structure of hemoglobin directly facilitate the transport of oxygen?
If a patient has a genetic mutation that impairs the production of alpha and beta globin chains, which of the following would most likely occur?
If a patient has a genetic mutation that impairs the production of alpha and beta globin chains, which of the following would most likely occur?
How does testosterone contribute to higher erythrocyte counts in males compared to females?
How does testosterone contribute to higher erythrocyte counts in males compared to females?
How would prolonged exposure to high altitude affect erythropoiesis?
How would prolonged exposure to high altitude affect erythropoiesis?
Which of the following best explains how endurance athletes might benefit from erythropoietin (EPO)?
Which of the following best explains how endurance athletes might benefit from erythropoietin (EPO)?
Which of the following is a key characteristic that distinguishes leukopoiesis from erythropoiesis and thrombopoiesis?
Which of the following is a key characteristic that distinguishes leukopoiesis from erythropoiesis and thrombopoiesis?
In a patient experiencing hypoxia, which process will be stimulated to restore homeostasis?
In a patient experiencing hypoxia, which process will be stimulated to restore homeostasis?
A patient with kidney disease has impaired erythropoietin (EPO) production. What is a likely consequence of this condition?
A patient with kidney disease has impaired erythropoietin (EPO) production. What is a likely consequence of this condition?
How would a significant and sustained increase in testosterone levels likely affect a male's hematocrit, and by what mechanism?
How would a significant and sustained increase in testosterone levels likely affect a male's hematocrit, and by what mechanism?
Why is the biconcave shape of erythrocytes crucial for their function in oxygen transport throughout the blood?
Why is the biconcave shape of erythrocytes crucial for their function in oxygen transport throughout the blood?
If a patient's blood smear shows a significantly lower number of erythrocytes than normal, what physiological consequence would you predict?
If a patient's blood smear shows a significantly lower number of erythrocytes than normal, what physiological consequence would you predict?
How would a blood sample from a patient with a severe infection likely differ in appearance from a healthy individual's sample on a blood smear?
How would a blood sample from a patient with a severe infection likely differ in appearance from a healthy individual's sample on a blood smear?
What physiological mechanism explains why maintaining stable blood pH is critical for the proper functioning of plasma proteins?
What physiological mechanism explains why maintaining stable blood pH is critical for the proper functioning of plasma proteins?
In a centrifuged sample of blood, what primarily determines the distinct separation of erythrocytes from the plasma layer?
In a centrifuged sample of blood, what primarily determines the distinct separation of erythrocytes from the plasma layer?
Why might a patient with chronic kidney disease develop anemia, relating to the information learned?
Why might a patient with chronic kidney disease develop anemia, relating to the information learned?
How would severe burns over a large area of the body rapidly impact hematocrit levels, and what is the primary mechanism responsible?
How would severe burns over a large area of the body rapidly impact hematocrit levels, and what is the primary mechanism responsible?
What is a key difference visible under a microscope that helps distinguish leukocytes from erythrocytes in a stained blood smear?
What is a key difference visible under a microscope that helps distinguish leukocytes from erythrocytes in a stained blood smear?
If a patient is experiencing chronic dehydration, how would this condition be expected to impact their hematocrit levels, and what is the underlying physiological mechanism at play?
If a patient is experiencing chronic dehydration, how would this condition be expected to impact their hematocrit levels, and what is the underlying physiological mechanism at play?
Flashcards
Blood
Blood
A continuously regenerated connective tissue that transports gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones throughout the body.
Arteries
Arteries
Carry blood away from the heart.
Veins
Veins
Carry blood towards the heart.
Capillaries
Capillaries
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Blood Viscosity
Blood Viscosity
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Why is blood pH crucial?
Why is blood pH crucial?
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What is hematocrit?
What is hematocrit?
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Typical hematocrit ranges?
Typical hematocrit ranges?
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What is a blood smear?
What is a blood smear?
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Appearance of blood cells?
Appearance of blood cells?
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Erythrocyte Fate
Erythrocyte Fate
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Blood Types
Blood Types
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ABO Blood Types
ABO Blood Types
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Rh Positive (Rh+)
Rh Positive (Rh+)
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Rh Negative (Rh-)
Rh Negative (Rh-)
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Agglutination
Agglutination
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Incompatible Transfusion Reaction
Incompatible Transfusion Reaction
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Agglutination Test
Agglutination Test
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Blood Plasma
Blood Plasma
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Plasma Dissolved Substances
Plasma Dissolved Substances
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Plasma Proteins Function
Plasma Proteins Function
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LDL and HDL
LDL and HDL
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Colloid Osmotic Pressure
Colloid Osmotic Pressure
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Albumin
Albumin
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Effect of Liver Disease
Effect of Liver Disease
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Solubility in Plasma
Solubility in Plasma
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Hematopoiesis
Hematopoiesis
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Erythropoiesis
Erythropoiesis
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Leukopoiesis
Leukopoiesis
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Thrombopoiesis
Thrombopoiesis
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Erythrocytes
Erythrocytes
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Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin
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Oxygenated Hemoglobin
Oxygenated Hemoglobin
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Deoxygenated Hemoglobin
Deoxygenated Hemoglobin
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Erythropoietin (EPO)
Erythropoietin (EPO)
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Testosterone
Testosterone
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Leukocytes
Leukocytes
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Diapedesis
Diapedesis
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Chemotaxis
Chemotaxis
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Neutrophils
Neutrophils
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Eosinophils
Eosinophils
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Basophils
Basophils
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Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes
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Monocytes
Monocytes
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NK cells (natural killer cells)
NK cells (natural killer cells)
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B-lymphocytes
B-lymphocytes
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Hemostasis
Hemostasis
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Vascular Spasms
Vascular Spasms
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Platelet Plug Formation
Platelet Plug Formation
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Coagulation
Coagulation
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Coagulation Requirements
Coagulation Requirements
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Clotting factors
Clotting factors
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Vitamin K
Vitamin K
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Vascular Spasm Function
Vascular Spasm Function
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Platelet Activation
Platelet Activation
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PGI2 Function
PGI2 Function
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Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System
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Heart
Heart
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Plasma Solute Concentration
Plasma Solute Concentration
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Blood pH
Blood pH
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Normal Hematocrit ranges
Normal Hematocrit ranges
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Erythrocyte appearance
Erythrocyte appearance
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Leukocyte appearance
Leukocyte appearance
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Platelet appearance
Platelet appearance
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Blood transport function
Blood transport function
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Blood temp regulation
Blood temp regulation
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Effect of altered pH?
Effect of altered pH?
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Blood sample separation
Blood sample separation
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Plasma Protein Levels & Colloid
Plasma Protein Levels & Colloid
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Additional Plasma Protein Role
Additional Plasma Protein Role
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Testosterone effect on EPO
Testosterone effect on EPO
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Study Notes
Blood Overview
- Blood transports gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones.
- Blood is transported through the cardiovascular system.
- The heart pumps blood.
- Arteries transport blood away from the heart.
- Veins transport blood toward the heart.
- Capillaries allow for exchange between blood and body tissues.
- Blood is a continuously regenerated connective tissue.
Blood Functions
- Blood transports;
- Oxygen
- Nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract
- Hormones from endocrine glands
- Metabolic waste.
- Blood regulates pH and adjusts and maintains body temperature.
- Blood maintains water contents of cells.
- WBCs protect against disease by phagocytosis.
- Blood serves as a reservoir for substances like water and electrolytes
- Blood performs haemostasis.
Physical Characteristics of Blood
- High O2 blood is bright red, while low O2 blood is dark red.
- Normal adult blood volume is about 5,000 cc, or 5 liters.
- Blood is thick due to its high erythrocyte content, leading to high viscosity.
- Solute concentration determines the direction of osmosis.
- Blood temperature is one degree Celsius higher than body temperature.
- Blood pH ranges from 7.35 to 7.45, which is slightly alkaline, and is crucial for plasma protein integrity.
Whole Blood Composition
- Plasma accounts for 55% of whole blood.
- 92% of plasma is water..
- Proteins account for 7% of plasma
- Albumins account for 58% of the plasma proteins
- Globulins account for 37% of plasma proteins
- Fibrinogen accounts for 4% of plasma proteins
- Other solutes make up 1% of the plasma
- Electrolytes
- Nutrients
- Respiratory gases
- Waste products.
- The buffy coat accounts for less than 1% of whole blood.
- This contains the platelets and leukocytes
- Platelet count is 150,000 to 400,000/cubic mm
- Leukocyte count is 4,500 to 11,000/cubic mm and consists of:
- Neutrophils comprising 50-70%
- Lymphocytes comprising 20-40% -Monocytes comprising 2-8% - Eosinophils comprising 1-4% - Basophils comprising 0.5-1%
- This contains the platelets and leukocytes
- Erythrocytes account for 44% of whole blood.
- Erythrocyte count is 4.2-6.2 million per cubic mm.
Hematocrit
- Hematocrit refers to the percentage of volume of all formed and is divided into:
- Normal Blood Females: 37%-47% Males: 42%-52%
- Anemia: Depressed hematocrit %
- Polycythemia: Elevated hematocrit %
- The clinical definition often refers to the percentage of only erythrocytes,
- Adult male hematocrit typically ranges from 42-56%, while for adult females it is 38-46%.
- Males have a higher amount due to the influence of testosterone.
- With a blood smear, erythrocytes are the most numerous and appear pink, anucleate, and biconcave.
- Leukocytes are larger than erythrocytes, varied in form, and have a noticeable nucleus.
- Platelets appear as small fragments of cells.
Composition of Blood - Plasma
- Whole blood is made up of 55% plasma 45% formed elements.
Plasma consists of :
- 92% Water
- 7% Proteins; 57-60% Albumins, 38% Globulins, 4 Fibrinogen, 1% Prothrombin
- 1% Other Solutes; Ions, Nutrients, Waste Products, Gases, Regulatory Substances
- Formed elements consist of Platelets, Leukocytes and Erythrocytes.
Plasma Proteins
- Major Types:
- Albumin: (60%) Major component of osmotic pressure of a plasma + Acts as a transport protein for some lipids, hormones and ions
- Globulins: (35%) Consists of Antibodies and transport proteins
- Fibrinogen: (4%) Functions in blood clotting
- Other: (<1%) Consists of enzymes and hormones
- It also contains dissolved inorganic and organic molecules, including: - electrolytes - nutrients - gases - waste products
- Polar or charged substances dissolve easily, while nonpolar molecules require a carrier protein.
- Plasma proteins exert colloid osmotic pressure, with albumin being the most abundant.
- This prevents fluid loss from blood as it moves through capillaries and helps maintain blood volume and blood pressure.
- Can be decreased with diseases, resulting in fluid loss from blood and tissue swelling, particularly in liver diseases.
Hematopoiesis
- This is the production of the formed elements within the blood- including blood cells
- This occurs in the red bone marrow
- Erythropoiesis is the production of red blood cells
- Leukopoiesis is the production of leukocytes
- Thrombopoiesis is platelet production
Erythrocytes
- Small flexible formed element
- Lack nucleus and cellular organelles: packed with hemoglobin
- Have biconcave disc structure Have biconcave disc structure, and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body.
Hemoglobin
- Hemoglobin is a red-pigmented protein that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.
- It is termed oxygenated or deoxygenated depending on its oxygen content.
- Each hemoglobin molecule is composed of four globins, two alpha chains and two beta chains.
- Each chain has a heme group, where a porphyrin ring contains an iron ion
- Oxygen binds to the iron ion, so each hemoglobin can bind four oxygen molecules.
Erythropoiesis
- Response to Low O2 levels and stimulates kidneys to produce Erythropoietin.
- Erythropoietin + raw materials > bloodstream promote Erythropoiesis in Red Bone Marrow
- New erythrocytes enter bloodstream; function about 120 days
- Aged and damaged red blood cells are engulfed by macrophages of liver, spleen + bone marrow > hemoglobin is broken down
- Iron is then stored as ferritin, hemosiderin or bound to transferrin
Blood Types
- Determined by the presence of antigens on the surface of red blood cells.
- Rh positive and negative is attributed to the Rhesus monkey.
- Rh+ If the Rh factor surface protein is present on red blood cells
- Rh- factor surface protein is absent on presence of blood cells
- If Rh- individual receives anti-Rh antibodies, anti-Rh antibodies form.
- A second exposure the Rh+ to blood will result in a typical transfusion
Erythrocytes/Transfusions
- Issues arise when someone receives an incompatible blood transfusion.
- Recipient's antibodies then bind to the transfused blood, causing them to clump together in a process called agglutination.
- As a result the blood vessels gets blocked and prevents normal blood flow,
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Description
Test your knowledge of blood components, pH levels, and their functions within the cardiovascular system. Questions cover erythrocyte count, blood acidity, hematocrit levels, and the roles of arteries and capillaries. Explore the impact of dehydration and the visual characteristics differentiating blood cells.
