Podcast
Questions and Answers
What percentage of blood plasma is composed of water by weight?
What percentage of blood plasma is composed of water by weight?
Which plasma protein plays a critical role in the clotting mechanism and polymerizes as insoluble fibers?
Which plasma protein plays a critical role in the clotting mechanism and polymerizes as insoluble fibers?
What function does blood NOT perform?
What function does blood NOT perform?
Which component of blood is present in the highest count per cubic millimeter?
Which component of blood is present in the highest count per cubic millimeter?
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Which leukocyte subtype has the lowest typical percentage in blood?
Which leukocyte subtype has the lowest typical percentage in blood?
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What is the main role of complement proteins in the blood?
What is the main role of complement proteins in the blood?
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Which process describes the formation of blood cells?
Which process describes the formation of blood cells?
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What percentage of plasma proteins by weight do globulins constitute?
What percentage of plasma proteins by weight do globulins constitute?
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Which of the following best describes the density (specific gravity) range of blood in adult males?
Which of the following best describes the density (specific gravity) range of blood in adult males?
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What percentage of blood volume in adults is plasma?
What percentage of blood volume in adults is plasma?
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What is the normal pH range of blood?
What is the normal pH range of blood?
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What is the viscosity range of normal blood?
What is the viscosity range of normal blood?
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Which of the formed elements is responsible for blood clotting?
Which of the formed elements is responsible for blood clotting?
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How does the color of blood vary with oxygenation levels?
How does the color of blood vary with oxygenation levels?
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What is the approximate blood volume per kilogram of body weight in adult men?
What is the approximate blood volume per kilogram of body weight in adult men?
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What is the osmolarity of blood?
What is the osmolarity of blood?
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Which organ is responsible for hematopoiesis in the fetus between 2-7 months?
Which organ is responsible for hematopoiesis in the fetus between 2-7 months?
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At what age range does bone marrow become the primary site of hematopoiesis in fetuses?
At what age range does bone marrow become the primary site of hematopoiesis in fetuses?
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Which of the following cell types are derived from the lymphoid stem cell?
Which of the following cell types are derived from the lymphoid stem cell?
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Which of the following is an ancestor cell line derived from the multipotential hematopoietic stem cell?
Which of the following is an ancestor cell line derived from the multipotential hematopoietic stem cell?
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Where do lymphoid progenitor cells migrate to proliferate and differentiate?
Where do lymphoid progenitor cells migrate to proliferate and differentiate?
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Which of the following components is NOT involved in the adult hematopoietic system?
Which of the following components is NOT involved in the adult hematopoietic system?
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What is the main function of primitive, multipotential hematopoietic cells?
What is the main function of primitive, multipotential hematopoietic cells?
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Which of the following is accurate about adult bone marrow hematopoiesis?
Which of the following is accurate about adult bone marrow hematopoiesis?
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What is the least dense component of whole blood?
What is the least dense component of whole blood?
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Which of the following statements about hematocrit is correct?
Which of the following statements about hematocrit is correct?
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Which of the following is true about Erythrocytes?
Which of the following is true about Erythrocytes?
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Which of the following plasma proteins is the most abundant?
Which of the following plasma proteins is the most abundant?
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Which component of blood forms a whitish-gray layer between RBCs and plasma?
Which component of blood forms a whitish-gray layer between RBCs and plasma?
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Which of the following cells are complete cells in the blood?
Which of the following cells are complete cells in the blood?
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Which principal plasma protein is primarily responsible for maintaining the osmotic pressure of the blood?
Which principal plasma protein is primarily responsible for maintaining the osmotic pressure of the blood?
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Which of the following statements about blood cells is incorrect?
Which of the following statements about blood cells is incorrect?
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Study Notes
Blood Composition
- Water makes up 92% of blood by weight
- Plasma makes up 7% of blood by weight, consisting of:
- Albumins: 58%
- Globulins: 37%
- Fibrinogen: 4%
- Regulatory Proteins: 1%
- Other solutes make up 1% of blood by weight, including:
- Electrolytes
- Nutrients
- Respiratory gases
- Waste products
Blood Components
- Platelets: 150,000-400,000/mm3
- Leukocytes: 4500-11,000/mm3
- Neutrophils: 54%-62%
- Lymphocytes: 25%-33%
- Monocytes: 3%-7%
- Eosinophils: 1%-3%
- Basophils: 0%-0.75%
- Erythrocytes: 3.5-5.5 million/mm3
Blood Functions
- Provides oxygen to the body's cells and removes carbon dioxide
- Transports nutrients and hormones
- Regulates body temperature and pH
- Protects against blood loss through clotting
- Protects against disease through phagocytic white blood cells and antibodies
- Brings waste products to the kidneys and liver for filtration and cleaning
- Functions as a fluid connective tissue due to its composition of living cells suspended in plasma
Blood Characteristics
- Viscosity: sticky opaque fluid due to the presence of RBCs, with a normal viscosity of 3.5-5.5 CP
- Color: scarlet red when highly oxygenated, dark red when poorly oxygenated
- pH: 7.35-7.45
- Temperature: slightly higher than body temperature, around 38°C
- Blood volume: 4-5 L in adult women, 5-6 L in adult men, with plasma making up 55% of this volume
- Blood constitutes about 8% of total body weight
- Density (specific gravity): 1.052-1.063 in males, 1.050-1.058 in females
- Osmolarity: 300 mOsm or 0.3 Osm, reflecting the concentration of solutes in plasma
- Salinity: 0.85%, reflecting the concentration of NaCl in the blood
Hematopoiesis
- Process of blood cell production, differentiation, and development
- Sites of hematopoiesis:
- Fetus 0-2 months: Yolk sac
- Fetus 2-7 months: Liver, spleen
- Fetus 5-9 months: Bone marrow
- Infants: Bone marrow, practically all bones
- Adults: Vertebrae, ribs, sternum, sacrum, and pelvis, proximal ends of femur
Hematopoietic Stem Cells
- Ultimately responsible for the continuous daily production of all mature blood cell lineages
- Can be divided into three phases according to cell maturity:
- Primitive, multipotential cells: capable of self-renewal and differentiation into all blood cell lines
- Intermediate cells: committed progenitor cells destined to develop into distinct cell lines
- Mature cells: with specific functions
- All blood cells arise from a single major type of pluripotent stem cell in the bone marrow
- The multipotential stem cell is the progenitor of two major ancestral cell lines:
- Lymphocytic
- Nonlymphocytic (myeloid)
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Description
This quiz covers the composition of blood, including the percentage of water and plasma, and the different components of blood such as platelets and leukocytes. It also details the percentage of each type of leukocyte.
