40 Questions
What is a possible consequence of not producing enough albumin in the blood?
Edema
Where is the synthesis of RBCs mainly located during the middle trimester of embryonic development?
Liver
Where does most of the RBC synthesis occur in infancy?
Long bones, tibia and femur
What is the main function of hemoglobin in RBCs?
O2 transport
What happens to bone marrow cellularity as we age?
It steadily drops
What is the average number of RBCs per mL of blood in females?
4.7 million/mL
What is one of the functions of blood?
Transport of gases, nutrients, and hormones
Where is RBC synthesis mainly concentrated in adulthood?
Vertebra, sternum, and rib
What is the result of low albumin levels in the blood?
Edema
What is the purpose of the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell?
To give rise to all blood cells
Where is the synthesis of RBCs mainly located during the last month of gestation and onwards?
Bone marrow
What happens to the ability of bone marrow to produce RBCs in the elderly?
It remains the same
In which bones does RBC synthesis eventually decline in adulthood?
Long bones, tibia and femur
What is another function of RBCs besides transporting oxygen?
CO2 transport
What type of stem cells remain in the bone marrow after division?
Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells
What is the term for the amount of stem cells in the bone marrow needed for RBC synthesis?
Cellularity
What shape are Red Blood Cells (RBCs)?
Biconcave discs
What is the main function of 2,3-DPG in RBCs?
Reduce O2 affinity of Hgb
What is the purpose of the Cl--HCO3- exchanger in RBCs?
Exchange chloride and bicarbonate
What is the result of the rapid interconversion of CO2 and HCO3- by carbonic anhydrase?
HCO3- is the main form of CO2
What is the advantage of RBCs having a large surface-to-volume ratio?
Increases diffusion area
Why do RBCs have a limited lifespan?
Due to their inability to synthesize protein
What is the purpose of glutathione in RBCs?
Protects against oxidant damage
What is the diameter of RBCs?
7.8 µm
What is the hematocrit?
The proportion of blood that is red blood cells
What is the main function of proteins in plasma?
To maintain oncotic pressure and facilitate transport of nutrients
What is the origin of all blood cells?
PHSC
Where do erythrocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, and platelets originate from?
Myeloid lineage
What is serum?
Plasma without clotting factors
What is the function of hematopoietic cytokines?
To influence the lineage of PHSC
What is the importance of preventing edema?
To prevent water from leaking out of blood vessels
What is the term for a type of anemia caused by faulty red blood cell production?
Megaloblastic anemia
What is the most essential regulator of Red Blood Cell production?
Tissue oxygenation
What is the function of the colony-forming-unit-erythroid (CFU-E) stem cell?
Developing into multiple erythrocytes
What is the result of decreased oxygen transported to tissues due to medical conditions?
Increase in RBC production rate
During which stage of erythropoiesis does hemoglobin synthesis start?
Basophil erythroblast stage
What is the characteristic of the nucleus in the basophil erythroblast stage?
It has lost its nucleoli
What is the major function of Red Blood Cells?
Transporting oxygen
What is the effect of kidney on hematopoiesis?
It stimulates RBC production
What is the characteristic of reticulocytes?
They do not have a nucleus
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