Biotechnology Principles and Processes
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Questions and Answers

Agrobacterium tumefaciens used in Genetic engineering for :-

  • Gene transfer (correct)
  • DNA-mapping
  • DNA finger printing
  • DNA-modification

Who isolated the first restriction endonucleases?

  • Smith (correct)
  • Paul berg
  • Temin & Baltimore
  • Sanger

Genetic engineering is :-

  • Manipulation of enzymes
  • Study of extra nuclear gene
  • Manipulation of RNA
  • Manipulation of genotype by artificial method (correct)

Polymerase chain reaction technology (PCR-technique) is used for :-

<p>DNA amplification (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is involved in genetic engineering?

<p>Plasmid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the example of chemical scissors?

<p>All the above (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Restriction endonucleases are used in genetic engineering because: -

<p>They can cut DNA at specific base sequences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When the genotype of an organism is improved by the addition of foreign gene, the process is called :-

<p>Genetic engineering (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A genetically manipulated organism containing in its genome one or more inserted gene of another species is called: -

<p>Transgenic organism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vector is commonly used in the transfer of gene in a crop plant ?

<p>Ti-plasmids of Agrobacterium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The tumour indusing capacity of Agrobacterium tumaefaciens is located in extrachromosomal plasmid and called:-

<p>Ti - plasmid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A piece of nucleic acid using to find out a gene, by forming hybrid with it, is called as:-

<p>DNA probe</p> Signup and view all the answers

Taq polymerase which is used for amplification of DNA related with: -

<p>PCR-technique (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true for plasmid?

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cuts the DNA from specific places?

<p>Restriction endonuclease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Manipulation of DNA in genetic engineering became possible due to the discovery of: -

<p>Restriction endonuclease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following has found extensive use in genetic engineering work in plants?

<p>Agrobacterium tumefaciens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Restriction endonucleases: -

<p>Are enzymes which cleave DNA at specific sites (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Restriction enzymes are :-

<p>(2) and (3) both (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Electroporation procedure involves :-

<p>Making transient pores in the cell membrane to introduce gene constructs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following restriction endonuclease enzyme produce blunt end in DNA :-

<p>Hae III GGCC CCGG (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A bacterium modifies its DNA by adding methyl groups to the DNA, It does so to :-

<p>Protect its DNA from its own restriction enzyme (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The restriction enzyme Eco RI has the property of:-

<p>endonuclease activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

DNA ligase is an enzyme that catalyses the:-

<p>joining of the fragments of DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Agrobacterium tumefaciens contains a large plasmid, which induces tumour in the plants it is termed as :-

<p>Ti plasmid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

More advancement in genetic engineering is due to :-

<p>Restriction endonuclease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the follwing is used as a best genetic vector in plants?

<p>Agrobacterium tumifaciens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following enzyme is used to join DNA fragments?

<p>Ligase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A kind of Biotechnology involving manipulation of DNA is :-

<p>Genetic engineering (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A suitable vector for gene cloning in higher organism is :-

<p>Baculovirus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

PCR proceeds in three distinct steps governed by temperature they are in order of:-

<p>Denaturation, Annealing, Synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of the Ti (Tumor inducing) plasmid which is modified and used as a cloning vector to deliver the desirable genes into plant cells ?

<p>Agrobacterium tumifaciens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The thermostable enzymes, 'Taq' isolated from thermophilic bacteria is :-

<p>DNA polymerases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term "molecular scissors" generally refers to:-

<p>Restriction endonucleases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What bacterium is commonly used for gene transfer in crops?

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a bacterium commonly used in genetic engineering for the transfer of genes into crop plants.

What are restriction endonucleases?

Restriction endonucleases are enzymes that cut DNA molecules at highly specific recognition sequences known as restriction sites.

What is genetic engineering?

Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology.

What is PCR?

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique used to amplify a specific DNA segment by repeatedly copying it.

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What are plasmids?

Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria that are separate from the bacterial chromosome.

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How do restriction endonucleases work?

Restriction endonucleases are enzymes that cut DNA molecules at specific base sequences, often producing 'sticky ends' that can be used to join DNA fragments together.

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What is a transgenic organism?

A transgenic organism is an organism that has been genetically modified by the insertion of foreign DNA from another species.

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What is the Ti plasmid?

The Ti plasmid is a large plasmid found in the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens that is responsible for causing crown gall disease in plants.

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What are direct gene transfer methods?

Direct gene transfer methods include techniques like microinjection, electroporation, and particle gun bombardment, which deliver foreign DNA directly into cells without using vectors.

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What is thermal cycling in PCR?

The process of thermal cycling in PCR involves alternating cycles of denaturation, annealing, and extension, allowing for the exponential amplification of the targeted DNA segment.

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What are BACs and YACs?

BACs (Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes) and YACs (Yeast Artificial Chromosomes) are artificial chromosomes derived from bacteria and yeast, respectively, used as vectors to clone large DNA segments.

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How do restriction enzymes create sticky ends?

Restriction enzymes cleave DNA molecules at specific recognition sites, often leaving 'sticky ends' with unpaired bases, which facilitate the ligation of DNA fragments.

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Why do bacteria methylate their DNA?

Methylation is a process where a methyl group is added to a DNA molecule, often by bacteria, to protect their own DNA from degradation by their own restriction enzymes.

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What is electroporation?

Electroporation is a technique that uses electric pulses to create temporary pores in cell membranes, allowing the entry of exogenous DNA.

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What does DNA ligase do?

The enzyme DNA ligase is responsible for joining DNA fragments by forming phosphodiester bonds between their ends.

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What is insertional inactivation?

Insertional inactivation is a technique used in gene cloning to select for recombinant bacteria by disrupting a gene responsible for a specific phenotype, such as antibiotic resistance.

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What is a cloning vector?

A cloning vector is a DNA molecule, often a plasmid or a phage, that can carry and replicate foreign DNA in a host cell.

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What is transformation in genetic engineering?

Transformation is a process in genetic engineering where foreign DNA is introduced into a host cell.

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What is the 'ori' sequence in a cloning vector?

The 'ori' sequence in a cloning vector is the origin of replication, a specific DNA sequence where DNA replication begins.

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What are selectable markers in cloning?

Selectable markers are genes on a cloning vector that confer a specific phenotype, such as antibiotic resistance, allowing for the identification of cells carrying the vector.

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What is Taq polymerase?

The enzyme Taq polymerase, isolated from the thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus, is used in PCR to amplify DNA. It's heat-stable, allowing it to withstand the high temperatures involved in PCR.

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What is Bt toxin?

Bt toxin, produced by the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, acts as an insecticide by specifically targeting the digestive systems of certain insects.

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What is golden rice?

Golden rice is a genetically modified variety of rice enriched with beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A, which aims to address vitamin A deficiency.

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What is human insulin?

Human insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels.

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What is gene therapy?

Gene therapy is a technique that involves the introduction of genes into cells to treat or prevent diseases.

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What is biopiracy?

Biopiracy is the unauthorized exploitation of biological resources, especially by multinational companies, without proper compensation to the source country or indigenous communities.

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In India, what is the GEAC?

GEAC (Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee) is an Indian government body responsible for regulating the safety of genetically modified organisms and research.

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What is Southern blotting?

Southern blotting is a technique used to detect specific DNA sequences by transferring DNA fragments from a gel to a membrane and then hybridizing it with a labeled probe.

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What are bioreactors?

Bioreactors are large-scale vessels or systems used for cultivating microorganisms or cells to produce biological products commercially.

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What is downstream processing?

Downstream processing refers to the separation, purification, and formulation of a product from its biological source, such as a bioreactor, after it has been produced.

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What is RNA interference (RNAi)?

RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process where RNA molecules are used to silence gene expression by targeting and degrading specific messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules.

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Study Notes

Biotechnology Principles and Processes

  • Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used in genetic engineering for gene transfer.
  • Restriction endonucleases were first isolated by Smith.
  • Genetic engineering manipulates an organism's genotype by introducing a foreign gene.
  • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique used for DNA amplification.
  • Plasmids are often used as vectors in genetic engineering.
  • Chemical scissors (restriction endonucleases) are required in genetic engineering.
  • Restriction endonucleases cut DNA at specific base sequences.
  • Genetic improvement of an organism through the addition of foreign genes is called genetic engineering.
  • Transgenic organisms contain one or more inserted genes from another species.
  • Vectors are used for transferring foreign genes into a crop plant.
  • Ti plasmids from Agrobacterium tumefaciens are commonly used vectors.
  • DNA probes are used to locate specific genes.
  • Taq polymerase is an enzyme used in PCR.

Biotechnology Applications

  • Genetic engineering is used in the commercial production of human insulin.
  • Genetically engineered bacteria are sometimes used to produce human insulin.
  • Biotechnology is used in the production of pest resistant plants.
  • Biotechnology has tools for the production of drugs.
  • Biotechnology has applications across agriculture, medicine, and industry.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts in biotechnology, focusing on genetic engineering, including the role of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and restriction endonucleases. Test your knowledge on techniques like PCR, the use of plasmids as vectors, and the creation of transgenic organisms. Understand how these processes contribute to the genetic improvement of crops.

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