Bioorganic Chemistry 2nd Assessment
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Questions and Answers

What is the functional group characteristic of thiols?

  • −OH
  • −SH (correct)
  • −S−
  • −COOH

    • Which prefix is used for compounds with halogen functional groups?

  • oxy-
  • halo- (correct)
  • hydro-
  • alkoxy-

    • Which example illustrates a compound containing a sulfone functional group?

  • Toluene
  • Bromoethane
  • Dimethyl sulfide (correct)
  • Ethanethiol

    • What suffix is used in the nomenclature for alcohols?

    <p>-ol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about ketones?

    <p>They can undergo keto-enol tautomerism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functional group in organophosphates is represented by −PO4?

    <p>Phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reaction occurs when alcohols react with carboxylic acids?

    <p>Formation of esters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is an example of an aldehyde?

    <p>Acetaldehyde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH when the concentration of H+ ions is $1.8 * 10^{-5}$?

    <p>4.744</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pH indicates that the concentrations of the acid and its conjugate base are equal in a buffer?

    <p>pKa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the buffer calculation example with HAc and NaAc, what is the final concentration of HAc after dilution?

    <p>0.0400 M</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Law of Bouguer – Lambert – Beer describe?

    <p>The relationship between absorbance and concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What classification of hydrocarbons contains only single bonds?

    <p>Alkanes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general formula for alkenes?

    <p>CnH2n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which functional group is the hydroxyl group (−OH) present?

    <p>Alcohols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What parameter is measured in potentiometry?

    <p>Potential difference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the concentrations of buffer components on its buffer capacity?

    <p>Buffer capacity increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What functional group is characteristic of carboxylic acids?

    <p>−COOH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do alkenes differ from alkanes?

    <p>Alkenes contain one or more double bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following examples represents an alkyne?

    <p>Ethyne</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the IUPAC nomenclature change for a ketone?

    <p>Replace -e with -one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound contains a carbonyl group at the end of the chain?

    <p>Formaldehyde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of amines, which of the following compounds is an example?

    <p>Methylamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of compounds do lipids primarily consist of?

    <p>Hydrocarbons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of fatty acids?

    <p>They have both a methyl and a carboxyl group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction produces triacylglycerols?

    <p>Esterification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes amines?

    <p>They are classified by the number of alkyl groups attached to nitrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when amino acids undergo a condensation reaction?

    <p>Formation of a peptide bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do amides differ from amines structurally?

    <p>Amides contain a carbonyl group bonded to nitrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes essential amino acids?

    <p>They must be obtained from the diet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific characteristic do amino acids exhibit at neutral pH?

    <p>They exist as zwitterions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is keto-enol tautomerism?

    <p>A chemical equilibrium between a ketone (or aldehyde) and its enol form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are carboxylic acids typically prepared?

    <p>By oxidation of primary alcohols and aldehydes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of polyfunctional carboxylic acids?

    <p>They have additional functional groups like hydroxy or keto.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds is an example of a saturated dicarboxylic acid?

    <p>Oxalic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction occurs during decarboxylation of malonic acid?

    <p>Formation of acetic acid and CO2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following descriptions best defines chirality in molecules?

    <p>A molecule that exists as non-superimposable mirror images.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of acids are classified as oxo acids?

    <p>Acids that contain hydrogen atoms capable of dissociating to form H+ ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about mono- and polyfunctional compounds?

    <p>Polyfunctional compounds contain several identical functional groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines an Arrhenius acid?

    <p>Dissociates to produce hydrogen ions (H+) in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds is an example of a non-electrolyte?

    <p>Sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a solution has a pH of 12, what is the relationship between H3O+ and OH- concentrations?

    <p>OH- concentration is higher than H3O+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate pOH?

    <p>pOH = -log[OH-]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a buffer solution?

    <p>Contains a weak acid and its salt or a weak base and its salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do you calculate the hydronium ion concentration from pH?

    <p>[H3O+] = 10^-pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a pH calculation, if the concentration of H3O+ is 0.01 M, what is the pH?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH of a solution with a hydroxide ion concentration of 0.01 M?

    <p>12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Bioorganic Chemistry 2nd Assessment

    • Acids and Bases:
      • Arrhenius: Acids donate H+ ions in water, bases donate OH⁻ ions in water.
      • Brønsted-Lowry: Acids donate protons (H+), bases accept protons.
      • Lewis: Acids accept electron pairs, bases donate electron pairs.
    • Electrolytes and Non-Electrolytes:
      • Electrolytes: Compounds that dissolve into ions and conduct electricity in solutions. Examples include HCl, NaCl, H₂SO₄, KOH, etc.
      • Non-Electrolytes: Compounds that dissolve in water but do not conduct electricity. Examples include CO₂, alcohols, sugars, organic solvents.
    • Dissociation constant, Hydrogen ions and pH:
      • pH 7: Concentration of H₃O⁺ = OH⁻
      • pH below 7: Concentration of H₃O⁺ is greater than OH⁻
      • pH above 7: Concentration of OH⁻ is greater than H₃O⁺
      • Calculation of pH: -log[H₃O⁺]
      • Calculation of pOH: -log[OH⁻]
      • pH + pOH = 14.00
      • Calculate [H₃O⁺] from pH: [H₃O⁺] = 10⁻pH
      • Calculate [OH⁻] from pOH: [OH⁻] = 10⁻pOH
    • Buffer solutions:
      • Solutions that resist changes in pH when small amounts of strong acid or base are added.
      • Composed of a weak acid and its conjugate base (or a weak base and its conjugate acid).
      • Buffer capacity: Amount of acid or base that can be added before significantly changing pH.
    • Spectroscopy:
      • Spectroscopy is used to study the structure of materials by analyzing their interaction with electromagnetic radiation.
      • Law of Bouguer-Lambert-Beer: The absorbance of light by a sample is proportional to the concentration of the sample and the path length of the light through it.
    • Functional Groups in Organic Compounds:
      • Hydrocarbons: Contain only carbon and hydrogen.
      • Alcohols: Contain a hydroxyl group (-OH).
      • Phenols: Contain a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to an aromatic ring.
      • Ethers: Contain an oxygen atom (-O-) bonded to two hydrocarbon groups.
      • Aldehydes: Contain a carbonyl group (-CHO) at the end of the carbon chain.
      • Ketones: Contain a carbonyl group (-CO-) within the carbon chain.
      • Carboxylic acids: Contain a carboxyl group (-COOH).
      • Esters: Contain a carbonyl (-CO-) group between a carbon and an oxygen from an alcohol group.
      • Amines: Contain a nitrogen atom bonded to one or more alkyl groups.
      • Amides: Contain a carbonyl (-CO) group bonded to a nitrogen atom.
      • Nitro compounds: Contain a nitro group (-NO₂).
      • Halogen compounds: Contain a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, or I).
      • Thiols: Contain a sulfhydryl group (-SH).
      • Sulfides: Contain a sulfur atom (-S-) bonded to two hydrocarbon groups.
      • Phosphorus compounds: Contain phosphorus and oxygen.
    • Lipids:
      • Organic compounds containing primarily hydrocarbons.
      • Nonpolar, therefore not soluble in water.
      • Includes saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
      • Triacylglycerols are a type of lipid.
    • Fatty Acids:
      • Carbon chains with a carboxyl group at one end.
    • Triacylglycerols:
      • Formed by the esterification of glycerol with three fatty acids.
    • Oxidation: Chemicals can be turned into other chemicals through reaction with oxidizing agents.
    • Keto-enol tautomerisation: A chemical equilibrium between two isomers that differ in the position of a double bond and a hydroxyl group.

    Additional Topics

    • Amino Acids:
      • Contain an amino group (-NH₂) and a carboxyl group (-COOH).
      • Form peptides and proteins via peptide bonds.
      • Some are essential, meaning they must be obtained from the diet.
    • Chirality (Optical Isomerism):
      • Molecules that are not superimposable on their mirror images (enantiomers)
    • Polyols: Contain multiple hydroxyl groups (-OH)
    • Buffer Capacity: Affects how much acid or base a solution can neutralize.

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    Bioorganic Chemistry 2nd Assessment PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on acids, bases, and their properties in the context of bioorganic chemistry. This assessment covers key concepts like Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis definitions, as well as electrolytes and the calculation of pH and pOH. Prepare to apply your understanding of ionic dissociation and the behavior of different compounds in solutions.

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