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Questions and Answers
What is the functional group characteristic of thiols?
What is the functional group characteristic of thiols?
Which prefix is used for compounds with halogen functional groups?
Which prefix is used for compounds with halogen functional groups?
Which example illustrates a compound containing a sulfone functional group?
Which example illustrates a compound containing a sulfone functional group?
What suffix is used in the nomenclature for alcohols?
What suffix is used in the nomenclature for alcohols?
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Which statement is true about ketones?
Which statement is true about ketones?
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Which functional group in organophosphates is represented by −PO4?
Which functional group in organophosphates is represented by −PO4?
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What reaction occurs when alcohols react with carboxylic acids?
What reaction occurs when alcohols react with carboxylic acids?
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Which compound is an example of an aldehyde?
Which compound is an example of an aldehyde?
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What is the pH when the concentration of H+ ions is $1.8 * 10^{-5}$?
What is the pH when the concentration of H+ ions is $1.8 * 10^{-5}$?
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Which pH indicates that the concentrations of the acid and its conjugate base are equal in a buffer?
Which pH indicates that the concentrations of the acid and its conjugate base are equal in a buffer?
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In the buffer calculation example with HAc and NaAc, what is the final concentration of HAc after dilution?
In the buffer calculation example with HAc and NaAc, what is the final concentration of HAc after dilution?
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What does the Law of Bouguer – Lambert – Beer describe?
What does the Law of Bouguer – Lambert – Beer describe?
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What classification of hydrocarbons contains only single bonds?
What classification of hydrocarbons contains only single bonds?
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What is the general formula for alkenes?
What is the general formula for alkenes?
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In which functional group is the hydroxyl group (−OH) present?
In which functional group is the hydroxyl group (−OH) present?
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What parameter is measured in potentiometry?
What parameter is measured in potentiometry?
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What is the effect of increasing the concentrations of buffer components on its buffer capacity?
What is the effect of increasing the concentrations of buffer components on its buffer capacity?
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What functional group is characteristic of carboxylic acids?
What functional group is characteristic of carboxylic acids?
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How do alkenes differ from alkanes?
How do alkenes differ from alkanes?
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Which of the following examples represents an alkyne?
Which of the following examples represents an alkyne?
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What is the IUPAC nomenclature change for a ketone?
What is the IUPAC nomenclature change for a ketone?
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Which compound contains a carbonyl group at the end of the chain?
Which compound contains a carbonyl group at the end of the chain?
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In the context of amines, which of the following compounds is an example?
In the context of amines, which of the following compounds is an example?
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What type of compounds do lipids primarily consist of?
What type of compounds do lipids primarily consist of?
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What is a distinguishing feature of fatty acids?
What is a distinguishing feature of fatty acids?
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What type of reaction produces triacylglycerols?
What type of reaction produces triacylglycerols?
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Which of the following best describes amines?
Which of the following best describes amines?
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What occurs when amino acids undergo a condensation reaction?
What occurs when amino acids undergo a condensation reaction?
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How do amides differ from amines structurally?
How do amides differ from amines structurally?
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What characterizes essential amino acids?
What characterizes essential amino acids?
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What specific characteristic do amino acids exhibit at neutral pH?
What specific characteristic do amino acids exhibit at neutral pH?
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What is keto-enol tautomerism?
What is keto-enol tautomerism?
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How are carboxylic acids typically prepared?
How are carboxylic acids typically prepared?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of polyfunctional carboxylic acids?
Which of the following is a characteristic of polyfunctional carboxylic acids?
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Which of the following compounds is an example of a saturated dicarboxylic acid?
Which of the following compounds is an example of a saturated dicarboxylic acid?
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What type of reaction occurs during decarboxylation of malonic acid?
What type of reaction occurs during decarboxylation of malonic acid?
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Which of the following descriptions best defines chirality in molecules?
Which of the following descriptions best defines chirality in molecules?
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What type of acids are classified as oxo acids?
What type of acids are classified as oxo acids?
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Which statement is true about mono- and polyfunctional compounds?
Which statement is true about mono- and polyfunctional compounds?
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What defines an Arrhenius acid?
What defines an Arrhenius acid?
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Which of the following compounds is an example of a non-electrolyte?
Which of the following compounds is an example of a non-electrolyte?
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If a solution has a pH of 12, what is the relationship between H3O+ and OH- concentrations?
If a solution has a pH of 12, what is the relationship between H3O+ and OH- concentrations?
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What is the formula to calculate pOH?
What is the formula to calculate pOH?
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What characterizes a buffer solution?
What characterizes a buffer solution?
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How do you calculate the hydronium ion concentration from pH?
How do you calculate the hydronium ion concentration from pH?
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In a pH calculation, if the concentration of H3O+ is 0.01 M, what is the pH?
In a pH calculation, if the concentration of H3O+ is 0.01 M, what is the pH?
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What is the pH of a solution with a hydroxide ion concentration of 0.01 M?
What is the pH of a solution with a hydroxide ion concentration of 0.01 M?
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Study Notes
Bioorganic Chemistry 2nd Assessment
-
Acids and Bases:
- Arrhenius: Acids donate H+ ions in water, bases donate OH⁻ ions in water.
- Brønsted-Lowry: Acids donate protons (H+), bases accept protons.
- Lewis: Acids accept electron pairs, bases donate electron pairs.
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Electrolytes and Non-Electrolytes:
- Electrolytes: Compounds that dissolve into ions and conduct electricity in solutions. Examples include HCl, NaCl, H₂SO₄, KOH, etc.
- Non-Electrolytes: Compounds that dissolve in water but do not conduct electricity. Examples include CO₂, alcohols, sugars, organic solvents.
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Dissociation constant, Hydrogen ions and pH:
- pH 7: Concentration of H₃O⁺ = OH⁻
- pH below 7: Concentration of H₃O⁺ is greater than OH⁻
- pH above 7: Concentration of OH⁻ is greater than H₃O⁺
- Calculation of pH: -log[H₃O⁺]
- Calculation of pOH: -log[OH⁻]
- pH + pOH = 14.00
- Calculate [H₃O⁺] from pH: [H₃O⁺] = 10⁻pH
- Calculate [OH⁻] from pOH: [OH⁻] = 10⁻pOH
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Buffer solutions:
- Solutions that resist changes in pH when small amounts of strong acid or base are added.
- Composed of a weak acid and its conjugate base (or a weak base and its conjugate acid).
- Buffer capacity: Amount of acid or base that can be added before significantly changing pH.
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Spectroscopy:
- Spectroscopy is used to study the structure of materials by analyzing their interaction with electromagnetic radiation.
- Law of Bouguer-Lambert-Beer: The absorbance of light by a sample is proportional to the concentration of the sample and the path length of the light through it.
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Functional Groups in Organic Compounds:
- Hydrocarbons: Contain only carbon and hydrogen.
- Alcohols: Contain a hydroxyl group (-OH).
- Phenols: Contain a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to an aromatic ring.
- Ethers: Contain an oxygen atom (-O-) bonded to two hydrocarbon groups.
- Aldehydes: Contain a carbonyl group (-CHO) at the end of the carbon chain.
- Ketones: Contain a carbonyl group (-CO-) within the carbon chain.
- Carboxylic acids: Contain a carboxyl group (-COOH).
- Esters: Contain a carbonyl (-CO-) group between a carbon and an oxygen from an alcohol group.
- Amines: Contain a nitrogen atom bonded to one or more alkyl groups.
- Amides: Contain a carbonyl (-CO) group bonded to a nitrogen atom.
- Nitro compounds: Contain a nitro group (-NO₂).
- Halogen compounds: Contain a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, or I).
- Thiols: Contain a sulfhydryl group (-SH).
- Sulfides: Contain a sulfur atom (-S-) bonded to two hydrocarbon groups.
- Phosphorus compounds: Contain phosphorus and oxygen.
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Lipids:
- Organic compounds containing primarily hydrocarbons.
- Nonpolar, therefore not soluble in water.
- Includes saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
- Triacylglycerols are a type of lipid.
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Fatty Acids:
- Carbon chains with a carboxyl group at one end.
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Triacylglycerols:
- Formed by the esterification of glycerol with three fatty acids.
- Oxidation: Chemicals can be turned into other chemicals through reaction with oxidizing agents.
- Keto-enol tautomerisation: A chemical equilibrium between two isomers that differ in the position of a double bond and a hydroxyl group.
Additional Topics
-
Amino Acids:
- Contain an amino group (-NH₂) and a carboxyl group (-COOH).
- Form peptides and proteins via peptide bonds.
- Some are essential, meaning they must be obtained from the diet.
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Chirality (Optical Isomerism):
- Molecules that are not superimposable on their mirror images (enantiomers)
- Polyols: Contain multiple hydroxyl groups (-OH)
- Buffer Capacity: Affects how much acid or base a solution can neutralize.
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Description
Test your knowledge on acids, bases, and their properties in the context of bioorganic chemistry. This assessment covers key concepts like Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis definitions, as well as electrolytes and the calculation of pH and pOH. Prepare to apply your understanding of ionic dissociation and the behavior of different compounds in solutions.
