Ch 15 Fluids, Electrolytes, and Acid - Base Balance
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Questions and Answers

What is the normal pH range of the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

  • 7.0 to 7.5
  • 7.35 to 7.45 (correct)
  • 7.5 to 8.0
  • 6.5 to 7.0

    • What is the primary function of acid-base buffer systems?

  • To aid in protein synthesis
  • To facilitate oxygen transport
  • To regulate body temperature
  • To maintain a stable pH level in body fluids (correct)

    • What happens to the pH of blood when acid is added to it?

  • The pH increases
  • The pH becomes more alkaline
  • The pH decreases (correct)
  • The pH remains the same

    • What is the role of the kidneys in regulating acid-base balance?

    <p>To secrete H+ ions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the weakest acid in the bicarbonate buffer system?

    <p>Carbonic acid (H2CO3) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of H+ ions in the body?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of buffers in maintaining acid-base balance?

    <p>To minimize changes in pH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the base member of the bicarbonate buffer system?

    <p>Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the bicarbonate buffer system?

    <p>To minimize H+ increase in the blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the protein buffer system in the body?

    <p>To release and accept H+ ions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a slower breathing rate on blood CO2 levels?

    <p>An increase in CO2 levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the response of nephrons to a high-protein diet?

    <p>Increase H+ secretion into urine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of compensation in acid-base imbalances?

    <p>To return blood pH to the normal range (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of respiratory acidosis?

    <p>A decrease in CO2 expiration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the phosphate buffer system in the body?

    <p>To regulate H+ levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased CO2 levels in the blood on carbonic acid levels?

    <p>An increase in carbonic acid levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of aldosterone in regulating electrolyte balance?

    <p>Enhancing sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the kidneys (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones regulates calcium ion concentration in the body?

    <p>Calcitonin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which electrolytes are lost from the body?

    <p>Excretion through the kidneys (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which the body regulates the concentration of electrolytes?

    <p>Electrolyte balance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of severe electrolyte deficiency?

    <p>Salt craving (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of parathyroid hormone in regulating calcium ion concentration?

    <p>Stimulating bone resorption and increasing calcium ion concentration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are acids in the context of acid-base balance?

    <p>Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do electrolytes regulate the body's fluid balance?

    <p>By controlling the amount of water reabsorbed in the kidneys (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of hydrogen ions in metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Lactic acid, fatty acids, and ketone bodies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of nephrons in regulating acid-base balance?

    <p>Excreting hydrogen ions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a chemical buffer system?

    <p>Phosphate buffer system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to blood pH when there is increased CO2 retention?

    <p>It decreases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hyperventilation on blood pH?

    <p>It increases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ammonia in the renal excretion of hydrogen ions?

    <p>It helps transport H+ ions outside the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of respiratory acidosis?

    <p>Increased CO2 retention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of H+ ions in the body fluids?

    <p>Carbon dioxide gas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of metabolic acidosis in the body?

    <p>Decreased pH of blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do nephrons respond to a decrease in pH of body fluids?

    <p>They increase H+ secretion into urine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which buffer system is mainly responsible for regulating H+ levels in the kidneys?

    <p>Phosphate buffer system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of respiratory acidosis on blood pH?

    <p>Decreases blood pH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the bicarbonate buffer system in the blood?

    <p>To regulate H+ levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of respiratory acidosis?

    <p>Deficiency of CO2 expiration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of hydrogen ions in the body?

    <p>Hydrolysis of proteins and amino acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of metabolic acidosis on the body's pH levels?

    <p>It decreases the pH levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the kidneys regulate acid-base balance?

    <p>By controlling the concentration of bicarbonate ions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of buffer systems in the body?

    <p>To maintain a constant pH level (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of respiratory acidosis on the body's CO2 levels?

    <p>It increases CO2 levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the bicarbonate buffer system in regulating acid-base balance?

    <p>It decreases the concentration of H+ ions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a decrease in respiratory rate on the body's pH levels?

    <p>It decreases the pH levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of hydrogen ions in the body during aerobic respiration of glucose?

    <p>Carbonic acid dissociation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a factor associated with edema?

    <p>Obstruction of lymph vessels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of inflammation on capillaries?

    <p>They become abnormally permeable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of hydrogen ions in the body during anaerobic respiration of glucose?

    <p>Lactic acid production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of low plasma protein concentration on blood vessels?

    <p>It decreases plasma osmotic pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of hydrogen ions in the body during the oxidation of sulfur-containing amino acids?

    <p>Sulfuric acid production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased venous pressure on capillaries?

    <p>It increases capillary filtration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of hydrogen ions in the body during the hydrolysis of phosphoproteins and nucleic acids?

    <p>Phosphoric acid production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of obstruction of lymph vessels on fluid movement?

    <p>It decreases fluid movement from interstitial spaces into lymph capillaries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Acid-Base Balance

    Regulation of hydrogen ion concentration (H+) in body fluids.

    Normal pH Range

    Normal pH of extracellular fluid (ECF) is between 7.35 to 7.45.

    Sources of H+

    Most H+ ions come from metabolic processes such as glycolysis and protein hydrolysis.

    Buffer Systems

    Chemical reactions including weak acids and bases to stabilize pH.

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    Bicarbonate Buffer System

    Uses bicarbonate and carbonic acid to control blood pH.

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    Roles of Lungs and Kidneys

    Lungs control CO2; kidneys regulate bicarbonate (HCO3-).

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    Respiratory Regulation

    Controls blood pH by adjusting breathing rate and depth.

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    Electrolyte Regulation

    Electrolytes regulated by hormones like aldosterone and PTH.

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    Electrolyte Intake

    Electrolytes consumed through diet driven by hunger and thirst.

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    Electrolyte Output

    Electrolytes lost mainly through sweat, urine, and feces.

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    Sodium and Potassium Regulation

    Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion.

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    Calcium Regulation

    Regulated by PTH from parathyroid and calcitonin from thyroid.

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    Phosphate Buffer System

    Regulates H+ levels mainly in kidneys and red blood cells.

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    Protein Buffer System

    Uses amino acids to release or bind H+.

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    Respiratory Acidosis

    Low blood pH caused by increased CO2 retention due to hypoventilation.

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    Metabolic Acidosis

    Increased acid production or bicarbonate loss leads to low blood pH.

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    Respiratory Alkalosis

    High blood pH due to CO2 loss from hyperventilation.

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    Metabolic Alkalosis

    High pH from acid loss or excess bicarbonate.

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    Renal Mechanisms

    Nephrons adjust H+ secretion to correct acid-base imbalances.

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    Chemical Buffer Systems

    Act rapidly as the first line of defense against pH shifts.

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    Physiological Buffer Systems

    Delayed response involving respiratory and renal adjustments.

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    Compensation

    Physiological responses that restore normal blood pH.

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    Acidosis

    Elevated acidity resulting in a blood pH below normal.

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    Alkalosis

    Accumulation of bases leading to a blood pH above normal.

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    Homeostasis in pH

    Maintaining stable pH levels in body fluids.

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    Study Notes

    Acid-Base Balance

    • Bases release hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.
    • Acid-base balance is primarily regulated by the concentration of H+ (or pH level) in body fluids, especially Extracellular Fluid (ECF).

    pH Regulation

    • Normal pH range of ECF is from 7.35 to 7.45.
    • Most H+ comes from metabolism (glycolysis, oxidation of fatty acids and amino acids, and hydrolysis of proteins).
    • Homeostasis of pH in body fluids is regulated by acid-base buffer systems (primary control), respiratory centers in brain stem, and kidney tubule secretion of H+.

    Acid-Base Buffer Systems

    • Buffer systems are chemical reactions that consist of a weak acid and a weak base, to prevent rapid, drastic changes in body fluid pH.
    • One of the most carefully regulated concentrations in the body is that of H+ ion.
    • When acid (H+) is added to the blood, the pH decreases, and buffers bind some of the added H+.
    • When acid is taken away, blood becomes more alkaline (pH increases), and buffers release H+ to replace some of the acid that was lost.

    Bicarbonate Buffer System

    • The pair bicarbonate/carbonic acid forms an important buffer system.
    • H2CO3 (carbonic acid) is the acid member of the pair because it can release H+.
    • HCO3- is the base member of the pair because it can accept H+.
    • This system is important because two of its components are rigorously controlled by the body: the lungs control CO2 and the kidney control HCO3-.

    Hormonal Regulation of Electrolytes

    • Level of electrolytes are mainly regulated by hormones:
      • Aldosterone (from adrenal cortex) causes an increase in sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion at the kidney tubules.
      • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid glands and Calcitonin (CT) from the thyroid gland regulate calcium balance.

    Electrolyte Intake and Output

    • Electrolyte intake:
      • Electrolytes are usually obtained in sufficient quantities in response to hunger and thirst mechanisms.
      • In a severe electrolyte deficiency, a person may experience a salt craving.
    • Electrolyte output:
      • Electrolytes are lost through perspiration, feces, and urine.
      • The greatest electrolyte loss occurs as a result of kidney functions.
      • Quantities lost vary with temperature and exercise.

    Electrolyte Balance

    • Concentrations of Na, K, and calcium ions in body fluids are very important.
    • Regulation of Na+ and K+ ions involve the secretion of Aldosterone from adrenal glands.
    • Calcitonin from the thyroid gland and Parathyroid hormone from the parathyroid glands regulate Ca+ ion concentration.

    Other Buffer Systems

    • Phosphate buffer system produces sodium hydrogen phosphates (NaH2PO4 and Na2HPO4) to regulate H+ levels, mainly in kidney tubules and erythrocytes.
    • Protein buffer system relies on the carboxylic acid group of amino acids to release H+, and the amino group to accept H+, mainly inside body cells and in blood plasma.

    Respiratory and Renal Regulation

    • Respiratory centers in the pons and medulla oblongata regulate the rate and depth of breathing, which controls the amount of carbon dioxide gas (CO2) remained in the blood and body fluid.
    • Nephrons react to the pH of body fluids and regulate the secretion of H+ into urine.
    • Tubule H secretion and reabsorption of filtered HCO3- also help regulate pH levels.

    Compensation

    • Compensation is a series of physiological responses that react to acid-base imbalances, by returning blood pH to the normal range (7.35 – 7.45).
    • Respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis are primary disorders of CO2 pressure in the lungs.

    Acid-Base Balance

    • Acid-base balance is primarily regulated by the concentration of H+ (or the pH level) in body fluids, especially extracellular fluid (ECF)
    • Normal pH range of ECF is from 7.35 to 7.45
    • Most H+ comes from metabolism -- glycolysis, oxidation of fatty acids and amino acids, and hydrolysis of proteins

    Acid-Base Buffer Systems

    • Bicarbonate buffer system produces carbonic acid (H2CO3) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) to minimize H+ increase, mainly in the blood
    • Phosphate buffer system produces sodium hydrogen phosphates (NaH2PO4 and Na2HPO4) to regulate H+ levels, mainly in kidney tubules and erythrocytes
    • Protein buffer system relies on the carboxylic acid group of amino acids to release H+, and the amino group to accept H+, mainly inside body cells and in blood plasma

    Respiratory and Metabolic Acidosis and Alkalosis

    • Respiratory acidosis: increased CO2 retention due to hypoventilation, resulting in a fall in blood pH to below normal
    • Metabolic acidosis: increased production of acids such as lactic acid, fatty acids, and ketone bodies, or loss of blood bicarbonate, resulting in a fall in blood pH to below normal
    • Respiratory alkalosis: a rise in blood pH due to loss of CO2 and carbonic acid through hyperventilation
    • Metabolic alkalosis: a rise in blood pH produced by loss of acids or by excessive accumulation of bicarbonate base

    Compensatory Mechanisms

    • Renal mechanisms: nephrons secrete more H+ to correct acidosis and secrete less H+ to correct alkalosis
    • Respiratory compensation: the respiratory center regulates the rate and depth of breathing to control pH by regulating the rate and depth of breathing
    • Chemical buffer systems act rapidly and are the first line of defense against pH shift
    • Physiological buffer systems (respiratory mechanism CO2 excretion) and renal mechanisms (H+ excretion) act slowly and are the second line of defense against pH shift

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