Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the normal pH range of the extracellular fluid (ECF)?
What is the normal pH range of the extracellular fluid (ECF)?
- 7.0 to 7.5
- 7.35 to 7.45 (correct)
- 7.5 to 8.0
- 6.5 to 7.0
What is the primary function of acid-base buffer systems?
What is the primary function of acid-base buffer systems?
- To aid in protein synthesis
- To facilitate oxygen transport
- To regulate body temperature
- To maintain a stable pH level in body fluids (correct)
What happens to the pH of blood when acid is added to it?
What happens to the pH of blood when acid is added to it?
- The pH increases
- The pH becomes more alkaline
- The pH decreases (correct)
- The pH remains the same
What is the role of the kidneys in regulating acid-base balance?
What is the role of the kidneys in regulating acid-base balance?
What is the weakest acid in the bicarbonate buffer system?
What is the weakest acid in the bicarbonate buffer system?
What is the primary source of H+ ions in the body?
What is the primary source of H+ ions in the body?
What is the role of buffers in maintaining acid-base balance?
What is the role of buffers in maintaining acid-base balance?
What is the base member of the bicarbonate buffer system?
What is the base member of the bicarbonate buffer system?
What is the primary function of the bicarbonate buffer system?
What is the primary function of the bicarbonate buffer system?
What is the role of the protein buffer system in the body?
What is the role of the protein buffer system in the body?
What is the effect of a slower breathing rate on blood CO2 levels?
What is the effect of a slower breathing rate on blood CO2 levels?
What is the response of nephrons to a high-protein diet?
What is the response of nephrons to a high-protein diet?
What is the primary goal of compensation in acid-base imbalances?
What is the primary goal of compensation in acid-base imbalances?
What is the result of respiratory acidosis?
What is the result of respiratory acidosis?
What is the role of the phosphate buffer system in the body?
What is the role of the phosphate buffer system in the body?
What is the effect of increased CO2 levels in the blood on carbonic acid levels?
What is the effect of increased CO2 levels in the blood on carbonic acid levels?
What is the primary function of aldosterone in regulating electrolyte balance?
What is the primary function of aldosterone in regulating electrolyte balance?
Which of the following hormones regulates calcium ion concentration in the body?
Which of the following hormones regulates calcium ion concentration in the body?
What is the primary mechanism by which electrolytes are lost from the body?
What is the primary mechanism by which electrolytes are lost from the body?
What is the term for the process by which the body regulates the concentration of electrolytes?
What is the term for the process by which the body regulates the concentration of electrolytes?
Which of the following is a symptom of severe electrolyte deficiency?
Which of the following is a symptom of severe electrolyte deficiency?
What is the role of parathyroid hormone in regulating calcium ion concentration?
What is the role of parathyroid hormone in regulating calcium ion concentration?
What are acids in the context of acid-base balance?
What are acids in the context of acid-base balance?
How do electrolytes regulate the body's fluid balance?
How do electrolytes regulate the body's fluid balance?
What is the primary source of hydrogen ions in metabolic acidosis?
What is the primary source of hydrogen ions in metabolic acidosis?
What is the role of nephrons in regulating acid-base balance?
What is the role of nephrons in regulating acid-base balance?
Which of the following is an example of a chemical buffer system?
Which of the following is an example of a chemical buffer system?
What happens to blood pH when there is increased CO2 retention?
What happens to blood pH when there is increased CO2 retention?
What is the effect of hyperventilation on blood pH?
What is the effect of hyperventilation on blood pH?
What is the role of ammonia in the renal excretion of hydrogen ions?
What is the role of ammonia in the renal excretion of hydrogen ions?
What is the primary mechanism of respiratory acidosis?
What is the primary mechanism of respiratory acidosis?
What is the primary source of H+ ions in the body fluids?
What is the primary source of H+ ions in the body fluids?
What is the result of metabolic acidosis in the body?
What is the result of metabolic acidosis in the body?
How do nephrons respond to a decrease in pH of body fluids?
How do nephrons respond to a decrease in pH of body fluids?
Which buffer system is mainly responsible for regulating H+ levels in the kidneys?
Which buffer system is mainly responsible for regulating H+ levels in the kidneys?
What is the effect of respiratory acidosis on blood pH?
What is the effect of respiratory acidosis on blood pH?
What is the role of the bicarbonate buffer system in the blood?
What is the role of the bicarbonate buffer system in the blood?
What is the cause of respiratory acidosis?
What is the cause of respiratory acidosis?
What is the primary source of hydrogen ions in the body?
What is the primary source of hydrogen ions in the body?
What is the effect of metabolic acidosis on the body's pH levels?
What is the effect of metabolic acidosis on the body's pH levels?
How do the kidneys regulate acid-base balance?
How do the kidneys regulate acid-base balance?
What is the function of buffer systems in the body?
What is the function of buffer systems in the body?
What is the effect of respiratory acidosis on the body's CO2 levels?
What is the effect of respiratory acidosis on the body's CO2 levels?
What is the role of the bicarbonate buffer system in regulating acid-base balance?
What is the role of the bicarbonate buffer system in regulating acid-base balance?
What is the effect of a decrease in respiratory rate on the body's pH levels?
What is the effect of a decrease in respiratory rate on the body's pH levels?
What is the source of hydrogen ions in the body during aerobic respiration of glucose?
What is the source of hydrogen ions in the body during aerobic respiration of glucose?
Which of the following is a factor associated with edema?
Which of the following is a factor associated with edema?
What is the effect of inflammation on capillaries?
What is the effect of inflammation on capillaries?
What is the source of hydrogen ions in the body during anaerobic respiration of glucose?
What is the source of hydrogen ions in the body during anaerobic respiration of glucose?
What is the effect of low plasma protein concentration on blood vessels?
What is the effect of low plasma protein concentration on blood vessels?
What is the source of hydrogen ions in the body during the oxidation of sulfur-containing amino acids?
What is the source of hydrogen ions in the body during the oxidation of sulfur-containing amino acids?
What is the effect of increased venous pressure on capillaries?
What is the effect of increased venous pressure on capillaries?
What is the source of hydrogen ions in the body during the hydrolysis of phosphoproteins and nucleic acids?
What is the source of hydrogen ions in the body during the hydrolysis of phosphoproteins and nucleic acids?
What is the effect of obstruction of lymph vessels on fluid movement?
What is the effect of obstruction of lymph vessels on fluid movement?
Flashcards
Acid-Base Balance
Acid-Base Balance
Regulation of hydrogen ion concentration (H+) in body fluids.
Normal pH Range
Normal pH Range
Normal pH of extracellular fluid (ECF) is between 7.35 to 7.45.
Sources of H+
Sources of H+
Most H+ ions come from metabolic processes such as glycolysis and protein hydrolysis.
Buffer Systems
Buffer Systems
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Bicarbonate Buffer System
Bicarbonate Buffer System
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Roles of Lungs and Kidneys
Roles of Lungs and Kidneys
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Respiratory Regulation
Respiratory Regulation
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Electrolyte Regulation
Electrolyte Regulation
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Electrolyte Intake
Electrolyte Intake
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Electrolyte Output
Electrolyte Output
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Sodium and Potassium Regulation
Sodium and Potassium Regulation
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Calcium Regulation
Calcium Regulation
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Phosphate Buffer System
Phosphate Buffer System
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Protein Buffer System
Protein Buffer System
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Respiratory Acidosis
Respiratory Acidosis
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Metabolic Acidosis
Metabolic Acidosis
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Respiratory Alkalosis
Respiratory Alkalosis
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Metabolic Alkalosis
Metabolic Alkalosis
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Renal Mechanisms
Renal Mechanisms
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Chemical Buffer Systems
Chemical Buffer Systems
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Physiological Buffer Systems
Physiological Buffer Systems
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Compensation
Compensation
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Acidosis
Acidosis
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Alkalosis
Alkalosis
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Homeostasis in pH
Homeostasis in pH
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Study Notes
Acid-Base Balance
- Bases release hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.
- Acid-base balance is primarily regulated by the concentration of H+ (or pH level) in body fluids, especially Extracellular Fluid (ECF).
pH Regulation
- Normal pH range of ECF is from 7.35 to 7.45.
- Most H+ comes from metabolism (glycolysis, oxidation of fatty acids and amino acids, and hydrolysis of proteins).
- Homeostasis of pH in body fluids is regulated by acid-base buffer systems (primary control), respiratory centers in brain stem, and kidney tubule secretion of H+.
Acid-Base Buffer Systems
- Buffer systems are chemical reactions that consist of a weak acid and a weak base, to prevent rapid, drastic changes in body fluid pH.
- One of the most carefully regulated concentrations in the body is that of H+ ion.
- When acid (H+) is added to the blood, the pH decreases, and buffers bind some of the added H+.
- When acid is taken away, blood becomes more alkaline (pH increases), and buffers release H+ to replace some of the acid that was lost.
Bicarbonate Buffer System
- The pair bicarbonate/carbonic acid forms an important buffer system.
- H2CO3 (carbonic acid) is the acid member of the pair because it can release H+.
- HCO3- is the base member of the pair because it can accept H+.
- This system is important because two of its components are rigorously controlled by the body: the lungs control CO2 and the kidney control HCO3-.
Hormonal Regulation of Electrolytes
- Level of electrolytes are mainly regulated by hormones:
- Aldosterone (from adrenal cortex) causes an increase in sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion at the kidney tubules.
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid glands and Calcitonin (CT) from the thyroid gland regulate calcium balance.
Electrolyte Intake and Output
- Electrolyte intake:
- Electrolytes are usually obtained in sufficient quantities in response to hunger and thirst mechanisms.
- In a severe electrolyte deficiency, a person may experience a salt craving.
- Electrolyte output:
- Electrolytes are lost through perspiration, feces, and urine.
- The greatest electrolyte loss occurs as a result of kidney functions.
- Quantities lost vary with temperature and exercise.
Electrolyte Balance
- Concentrations of Na, K, and calcium ions in body fluids are very important.
- Regulation of Na+ and K+ ions involve the secretion of Aldosterone from adrenal glands.
- Calcitonin from the thyroid gland and Parathyroid hormone from the parathyroid glands regulate Ca+ ion concentration.
Other Buffer Systems
- Phosphate buffer system produces sodium hydrogen phosphates (NaH2PO4 and Na2HPO4) to regulate H+ levels, mainly in kidney tubules and erythrocytes.
- Protein buffer system relies on the carboxylic acid group of amino acids to release H+, and the amino group to accept H+, mainly inside body cells and in blood plasma.
Respiratory and Renal Regulation
- Respiratory centers in the pons and medulla oblongata regulate the rate and depth of breathing, which controls the amount of carbon dioxide gas (CO2) remained in the blood and body fluid.
- Nephrons react to the pH of body fluids and regulate the secretion of H+ into urine.
- Tubule H secretion and reabsorption of filtered HCO3- also help regulate pH levels.
Compensation
- Compensation is a series of physiological responses that react to acid-base imbalances, by returning blood pH to the normal range (7.35 – 7.45).
- Respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis are primary disorders of CO2 pressure in the lungs.
Acid-Base Balance
- Acid-base balance is primarily regulated by the concentration of H+ (or the pH level) in body fluids, especially extracellular fluid (ECF)
- Normal pH range of ECF is from 7.35 to 7.45
- Most H+ comes from metabolism -- glycolysis, oxidation of fatty acids and amino acids, and hydrolysis of proteins
Acid-Base Buffer Systems
- Bicarbonate buffer system produces carbonic acid (H2CO3) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) to minimize H+ increase, mainly in the blood
- Phosphate buffer system produces sodium hydrogen phosphates (NaH2PO4 and Na2HPO4) to regulate H+ levels, mainly in kidney tubules and erythrocytes
- Protein buffer system relies on the carboxylic acid group of amino acids to release H+, and the amino group to accept H+, mainly inside body cells and in blood plasma
Respiratory and Metabolic Acidosis and Alkalosis
- Respiratory acidosis: increased CO2 retention due to hypoventilation, resulting in a fall in blood pH to below normal
- Metabolic acidosis: increased production of acids such as lactic acid, fatty acids, and ketone bodies, or loss of blood bicarbonate, resulting in a fall in blood pH to below normal
- Respiratory alkalosis: a rise in blood pH due to loss of CO2 and carbonic acid through hyperventilation
- Metabolic alkalosis: a rise in blood pH produced by loss of acids or by excessive accumulation of bicarbonate base
Compensatory Mechanisms
- Renal mechanisms: nephrons secrete more H+ to correct acidosis and secrete less H+ to correct alkalosis
- Respiratory compensation: the respiratory center regulates the rate and depth of breathing to control pH by regulating the rate and depth of breathing
- Chemical buffer systems act rapidly and are the first line of defense against pH shift
- Physiological buffer systems (respiratory mechanism CO2 excretion) and renal mechanisms (H+ excretion) act slowly and are the second line of defense against pH shift
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Description
Learn about acid-base balance, pH regulation, and the role of electrolytes, metabolism, and homeostasis in maintaining normal pH levels in body fluids.
