Química: pH y Equilibrio Ácido-Base

Química - QM310 - IV Módulo

• Termoquímica, Cinética y Equilibrio Químico: This module covers the effects of heat in chemical reactions, the rates of reactions, and chemical equilibrium.

Contenido

• Termoquímica y Espontaneidad: Includes the study of heat changes during reactions, and the concepts of spontaneity.
• Velocidad y Mecanismos de Reacciones Químicas: Covers reaction rates and the steps involved in the process.
• Equilibrio Químico: Explores the concept of chemical equilibrium and its relationship with the balance between acids and gases.
• Equilibrio entre Ácidos y Gases: Examines how acids and gases affect equilibrium.

Definiciones

• Energía: The capacity to perform work.
• Trabajo: The change in energy directly resulting from a process.
• Energía Térmica: Associated with the random movement of atoms and molecules.
• Temperatura: Measures the intensity of the thermal energy.
• Energía Potencial: Energy available based on an object's position.
• Energía Química: A type of potential energy related to the arrangement of atoms in a substance.

Ley de la Conservación de la Energía

• Conservación de la Energía: Energy can be converted from one form to another, but not created or destroyed.
• Termoquímica: The study of heat changes in chemical reactions.
• Sistema: The part of the universe being studied.
• Alrededores: The rest of the universe outside the system.

Tipos de Sistemas

• Sistema Abierto: Exchanges matter and energy with its surroundings.
• Sistema Cerrado: Exchanges energy, but not matter, with its surroundings.
• Sistema Aislado: Exchanges neither matter nor energy with its surroundings.

Procesos

• Proceso Exotérmico: Releases heat to its surroundings.
• Proceso Endotérmico: Absorbs heat from its surroundings.

Introducción a la Termodinámica

• Termodinámica: Examines changes in a system's state, focusing on macroscopic properties like energy, temperature, pressure, and volume.
• Función de Estado: Properties of a system that only depend on the initial and final states, irrespective of the path taken.

Primera Ley de la Termodinámica

• Conservación de la Energía: Applied to thermodynamic systems, energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
• Energía Interna: The sum of kinetic and potential energies within a system.
• Cambios de Energía Interna: Calculating changes in a system's internal energy involves considering both initial and final internal energies.

Ejemplo: Reacción entre Azufre y Oxígeno

• Ejemplo Reacción: Shows calculations and applications of the concept of change in internal energy.

Ejemplo: Reacción Desprende Calor

• Liberación de Calor: Signifies that part of chemical energy is converted to thermal energy.
• Balance Energético: Explains that the total energy of the universe remains constant.

Velocidad y Mecanismos de las Reacciones Químicas

• Cinética Química: The study of reaction rates and the pathways, or mechanisms, by which reactions occur
• Velocidad de Reacción: The rate at which reactants are consumed or products are formed.
• Ley de Velocidad: The equation that describes the rate of a reaction as a function of the concentrations of the reactants.
• Factores que afectan la velocidad: The factors include reactants' nature, concentration, temperature, and catalysts.

Constante de Velocidad

• Constante de Velocidad (k): A proportionality constant in the rate law.
• Dependencia de la Temperatura: The rate constant (k) is temperature-dependent.

Orden de Reacción

• Orden de Reacción: The exponent of the concentration term in the rate law.
• Ecuación de Velocidad Integrada: Equations used to determine the reactant concentration remaining after some time, or the time required for specific concentration change

Mecanismos de Reacción

• Teoría de las Colisiones: Describes how collisions between reactants lead to reaction.
• Factores: Concentration, temperature, and the orientation of reactant molecules.

Mecanismos de Reacciones

• Reacciones Elementales: Individual steps that make up a reaction mechanism.
• Molecularidad: The number of particles involved in a reaction step.

Molecularidad y Orden de Reacción

• Ley de Velocidad: The relationship between reaction rate and concentration of reactants.
• Tipos de Molecularidad: Unimolecular, bimolecular, and termolecular.

Mecanismo y Ley de Velocidad

• Etapa Determinante de la Velocidad: The slowest step in a reaction mechanism.
• Ajustes a la Experimentación: The results of a reaction should match the expected rate law.

Equilibrio Químico

• Cambios Constantes: No observable changes in concentration after equilibrium is reached.
• Actividad Molecular: Constant, yet continuous, molecular interactions persist.

Equilibrio Ácido-Base

• Objetivo: Maintaining constant pH in the body.
• pH Sangre: Slightly basic pH is crucial for proper bodily function.

Equilibrio Hidroelectrolítico y Ácido Base

• Módulo III: Details on the balance of fluids and electrolytes, and the regulation of pH.

Contenido (Módulo III)

• Alteraciones del Equilibrio Ácido-Base: Discusses issues related to acidity-base balance.
• Fuentes principales de ácidos del organismo: Explores the sources of acids.
• Regulación del equilibrio ácido-base: Details of the body's chemical control mechanisms.

Introducción a los Electrólitos

• Importancia: Maintaining proper fluid levels.
• Macroelementos (Electrólitos): These are important in the body for various critical functions, particularly in regulating fluid balance.

Ácidos - Bases

• Clasificación de Electrólitos: Categorizes electrolytes into acids, bases, and salts.
• Definiciones de Arrhenius, Brönsted-Lowry, and Lewis: Describes the acid-base definitions from different perspectives.

Ionización del Agua

• Agua como Electrólito: Weak electrolyte properties
• Equilibrio Químico: A reversible process where water dissociates into H+ and OH− ions.

Ionización del Agua. Escala de pH

• Constante de Producto Iónico del Agua (Kw): Describes the equilibrium between water molecules and its ions.
• pH: A measure of the hydrogen ion concentration, expressed logarithmically (negative base-10 logarithm).

Ionización del Agua. Escala de pH

• pH Scale: Quantitative measure of acidity/basicity (0 very acidic; 14 very alkaline; 7 is neutral).
• pH Definición: Based on the logarithm calculation of hydrogen ion concentration.

Valores de pH de Líquidos Corporales

• Tabla de Valores: Provides a table of pH values observed in different bodily fluids
• importancia de Los rangos específicos de pH: These ranges are essential for many bodily processes.

Regulación del Equilibrio Ácido-Base

• Valores Constantes de pH: Body's need to maintain a tightly regulated pH range.
• Estrategias (tres): Strategies for regulating pH
• Amortiguadores fisiológicos (disoluciones reguladoras): buffers in the body
• Ventilación pulmonar ó Compensación respiratoria: how the respiration system helps control pH
• Filtración renal ó compensación renal: how kidney helps control pH

Este cuestionario examina conceptos clave relacionados con el pH y el equilibrio ácido-base en soluciones. A través de diversas preguntas, se evalúan los conocimientos sobre el sistema de regulación del pH en el cuerpo humano, así como la termodinámica y las funciones de los electrólitos. Ideal para estudiantes de química y ciencias de la salud.