Acid-Base Balance Basics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the normal range for blood pH?

  • 7.35 – 7.45 (correct)
  • 7.00 – 7.35
  • 6.50 – 7.00
  • 7.45 – 8.00

    • Which condition is associated with low levels of bicarbonate?

  • Metabolic Alkalosis
  • Respiratory Acidosis
  • Respiratory Alkalosis
  • Metabolic Acidosis (correct)

    • Which buffer system controls hydrogen ions in the blood?

  • Renal Buffer
  • Chemical Buffer (correct)
  • Respiratory Buffer
  • Hepatic Buffer

    • Hypovolemia can lead to which type of acid-base imbalance?

    <p>Metabolic Acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is respiratory alkalosis primarily caused by?

    <p>Hyperventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which alteration in respiration is likely to cause acidosis?

    <p>Obstruction of the airway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation would you expect to see symptoms of hypokalemia?

    <p>Metabolic Alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically occurs during metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Diarrhea leading to low bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change represents respiratory acidosis?

    <p>pH below 7.35 and PaCO2 above 45 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does metabolic alkalosis typically manifest in a patient?

    <p>High pH and high bicarbonate levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios is LEAST likely to cause metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Vomiting causing loss of stomach acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do chemical buffers play in acid-base balance?

    <p>They control the concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with hyperventilation?

    <p>Respiratory alkalosis from excessive CO2 removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to a state of hypokalemia?

    <p>Metabolic alkalosis from excessive vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major indicator of the need for renal compensation in acid-base imbalances?

    <p>Changes in blood pH from metabolic processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition would you expect to see a high carbon dioxide level?

    <p>Respiratory acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Basics of Acid-Base

    • Water is an essential component of maintaining acid-base balance.
    • Oxygen levels are inversely proportional to acidity, low oxygen increases acidity.
    • Carbon dioxide (CO2) levels directly increase acidity.
    • Electrolytes like potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), and calcium (Ca2+) play a role in regulating acid-base balance.
    • Glucose from food is metabolized and can contribute to acid production.

    Acid-Base Basics

    • Water dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxyl ions (OH-).
    • Hydrogen ions (H+) represent acidity, while hydroxyl ions (OH-) represent alkalinity.
    • pH measures the concentration of hydrogen ions, with a normal pH of 7.35-7.45.
    • A solution with a high hydrogen ion concentration is acidic, resulting in a low pH.
    • Acidosis is a state of low pH, below 7.45.
    • Any disruption to homeostasis, including fluid balance, respiration, gastrointestinal function, etc., can lead to acid-base imbalances.

    Factors Influencing Acid-Base Balance

    • Airway: Obstruction leads to hypoventilation, increasing CO2 and resulting in acidosis.
    • Breathing: Hypoventilation (CO2 retention) increases acidity, hyperventilation (CO2 removal) lowers acidity.
    • Circulation: Hypovolemia (dehydration) leads to acidosis, while hypervolemia (overhydration) can lead to alkalosis.
    • Nutrition: Upper GI tract (acidic, HCL): Vomiting results in metabolic alkalosis. Lower GI tract (alkaline, KOH): Diarrhea results in metabolic acidosis.
    • Renal Function: Kidneys regulate bicarbonate (HCO3-) levels, low levels cause acidosis, high levels cause alkalosis. Oliguria (low urine output) can lead to acidosis, while polyuria (increased urine output) can lead to alkalosis.

    Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs)

    • ABGs are a blood test to measure acid-base balance.
    • pH: 7.35 – 7.45 (Indicates acidosis if below 7.45)
    • Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2): 35 – 45 (Indicates respiratory component)
    • Partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2): 80 - 100 (Indicates oxygen levels)
    • Oxygen saturation (SpO2): 95-100 (Indicates oxygen saturation)
    • Bicarbonate (HCO3-): 22 – 26 (Indicates metabolic component)

    Acid-Base Equation

    • Homeostasis: H2O + CO2 ⇌ H2CO3 ⇌ HCO3- + H+
    • Respiratory Component: H2O + CO2 ⇌ H2CO3
    • Metabolic Component: H2CO3 ⇌ HCO3- + H+

    Causes of Acid-Base Imbalances

    • Respiratory Acidosis/Alkalosis: Caused by imbalances in CO2 levels.
      • Hypoventilation: Increased CO2 above 45 mmHg (hypercapnia) leads to respiratory acidosis.
      • Hyperventilation: Decreased CO2 below 35 mmHg leads to respiratory alkalosis.
    • Metabolic Acidosis: Low pH, low bicarbonate. Often caused by diarrhea.
    • Metabolic Alkalosis: High pH, high bicarbonate. Often caused by vomiting.
    • Mixed Acid-Base Imbalance: When two or more acid-base imbalances occur simultaneously.

    Acid-Base Control Systems

    • Chemical Buffer : Blood buffers regulate hydrogen ions.
    • Respiratory Buffer: Lungs regulate carbon dioxide levels.
    • Renal Buffer: Kidneys regulate bicarbonate levels through urine.

    Interpreting ABGs

    • Example 1: ABG = 7.32/50/25.
      • pH below 7.45 = Acidosis
      • PaCO2 = 50 indicates increased CO2, thus, respiratory acidosis.
      • HCO3 = 25 is within normal range.
    • Example 2: ABG = 7.55/43/32.
      • pH above 7.45 = Alkalosis
      • PaCO2 = 43 is within normal range.
      • HCO3 = 32, increased bicarbonate, indicating metabolic alkalosis.

    Basic Rules of Acid-Base Imbalances

    • Increased pH (Alkalosis): Most vital organs (brain, heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, pancreas) function increase, except for potassium concentration (hypokalemia).
      • Brain: Hyperreflexia (overactive reflexes), seizures.
      • Heart: Increased heart rate, arrhythmias.
      • Lungs: Increased respiratory rate.
      • Kidneys: Increased urine output.
      • Liver: Decreased liver function.
      • Pancreas: Decreased insulin production.

    Basics of Acid-Base

    • Water is essential for acid-base balance
    • Sources of acid and base:
      • Water (H2O): fluids
      • Oxygen (O2): low levels mean acidosis
      • Carbon dioxide (CO2): directly proportional to acid increase
      • Electrolytes (K+, Na+, Ca2+)
      • Food (glucose)
    • Basic formula: H2O = H+ + OH-
      • H+ = acid
      • OH- = base
    • pH = Power (concentration) of hydrogen ion
      • Normal pH = 7.35 – 7.45
      • Acidosis = pH < 7.35
      • Alkalosis = pH > 7.45
    • Any changes in homeostasis (fluid, respiration, GIT) can lead to acid-base imbalance

    Respiratory Influences

    • Airway obstruction leads to hypoventilation, increased CO2, and acidosis.
    • Hypoventilation (CO2 retention) results in acidosis.
    • Hyperventilation (CO2 removal) results in alkalosis.

    Circulatory Influences

    • Hypovolemia (dehydration) results in acidosis.
    • Hypervolemia (overhydration) results in alkalosis.

    Nutritional Influences

    • Upper GIT (acid = HCL): vomiting leads to metabolic alkalosis.
    • Lower GIT (base = KOH): diarrhea leads to metabolic acidosis.
    • Renal system:
      • Bicarbonate: low levels lead to acidosis, high levels lead to alkalosis.
      • Oliguria (reduced urine output) leads to acidosis.
      • Polyuria (increased urine output) leads to alkalosis.

    ABGs

    • Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs) measure:
      • pH (7.35 - 7.45)
      • PaCO2 (35 - 45) = Respiratory
      • PaO2 (80 - 100)
      • SpO2 (95 - 100)
      • HCO3- (22 - 26) = Metabolic

    Acid-Base Equation

    • H2O + CO2 = H2CO3 = HCO3- + H+ = Homeostasis
    • H2O + CO2 = H2CO3 = Respiratory
    • H2CO3 = HCO3- + H+ = Metabolic
    • Causes:
      • Respiratory disorder = Respiratory acidosis/alkalosis = CO2 imbalance
        • Hypoventilation = CO2 > 45 (acidosis)
        • Hyperventilation = CO2 < 45 (alkalosis)
        • Hypoxia = SpO2 low
      • Metabolic acidosis = low pH = low bicarbonate = diarrhea
      • Metabolic alkalosis = high pH = high bicarbonate = vomiting
      • Mixed acid-base imbalance

    Acid-Base Control

    • Chemical buffer: controls hydrogen ions in the blood (blood)
    • Respiratory buffer: carbon dioxide ions in the blood (lungs)
    • Renal buffer: bicarbonate ions in the urine (kidney)

    ABGs Interpretation

    • Example: ABG = 7.32 / 50 / 25
      • pH < 7.35 = Respiratory acidosis
      • CO2 > 45 = Respiratory component
      • HCO3 = Normal
    • Example: ABG = 7.55 / 43 / 32
      • pH > 7.45 = Alkalosis
      • CO2 = Normal
      • HCO3 = High = Metabolic Alkalosis

    Basic Rules of Acid-Base Imbalances

    • When pH increases (alkalosis), the function of vital organs (brain, heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, pancreas) increases, except for potassium concentration (hypokalemia).
      • Brain: hyperreflexia, seizures
      • Heart: increased rate and contractility
      • Lungs: increased respiratory rate
      • Kidneys: increased urine output

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    Related Documents

    Acid-Base Imbalances PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the fundamentals of acid-base balance. This quiz covers essential concepts like pH, hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, and the role of various electrolytes. Understand how these factors influence bodily functions and homeostasis.

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