Biomolecules and Their Types
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Questions and Answers

Which monosaccharide is classified as the simplest carbohydrate?

  • Glycogen
  • Fructose (correct)
  • Sucrose
  • Maltose

What is the primary function of lipids in biological systems?

  • DNA replication
  • Carbohydrate digestion
  • Energy storage (correct)
  • Protein synthesis

Which statement correctly describes saturated fatty acids?

  • They contain one or more double bonds.
  • They are liquid at room temperature.
  • They are found in plant oils.
  • They predominantly have single bonds. (correct)

What distinguishes unsaturated fatty acids from saturated fatty acids?

<p>They include one or more double bonds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of carbohydrate is characterized by having three to ten monosaccharides?

<p>Oligosaccharides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of lipids?

<p>Enzyme catalysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which carbohydrate is a polymer of α-D-glucose units and serves as the principal food reserve in plants?

<p>Starch (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature differentiates glycogen from starch?

<p>Glycogen has α(1→6) branch points. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of mineralocorticoids in the body?

<p>Controls the balance of Na+ and K+ ions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hormone is primarily involved in the regulation of pregnancy?

<p>Progestins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a function of lipids?

<p>Transport of oxygen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes steroid hormones from other types of hormones?

<p>They are derived from lipids. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about proteins is true?

<p>There are 20 common amino acids in proteins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of receptors in proteins?

<p>Receptors receive chemical signals from the environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structural component of biological membranes?

<p>Phospholipid bilayer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following proteins is known for its role in oxygen transport?

<p>Hemoglobin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which monosaccharide is classified as an aldose?

<p>Glucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the simplest form of carbohydrates and also their monomer?

<p>Monosaccharides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a ketose from an aldose?

<p>Ketoses contain a ketone group. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many carbon atoms are in a pentose monosaccharide?

<p>5 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following carbohydrates is a disaccharide?

<p>Sucrose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of polysaccharides?

<p>They are typically insoluble in water. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do carbohydrates play as a component of nucleic acids?

<p>They form part of the nucleic acid backbone. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about oligosaccharides is true?

<p>They are soluble in water. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Biomolecule

A large organic molecule found in living organisms, crucial for life's processes.

Carbohydrate

An organic molecule made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, primarily a source of energy in organisms.

Monosaccharide

The simplest carbohydrate, a single sugar unit, and the basic building block of carbohydrates.

Disaccharide

A carbohydrate formed by bonding two monosaccharides together.

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Aldose

A type of monosaccharide containing an aldehyde functional group.

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Glucose

A common monosaccharide, providing energy for many organisms.

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Monosaccharide Classification

Monosaccharides are classified by the number of carbon atoms (triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose, heptose, or octose) and functional groups (aldose or ketose).

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Polysaccharide

A complex carbohydrate formed by joining hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides together.

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Glycosidic Bond

A type of covalent bond that links monosaccharides to form disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.

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Starch

A storage polysaccharide in plants, composed of α-D-glucose units, readily broken down into glucose for energy.

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Cellulose

A structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls, providing strength and rigidity, composed of β-D glucose units.

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Blood Type

Determined by specific oligosaccharide chains on the surface of red blood cells, important for immune system recognition.

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Fatty Acids

Long-chain carboxylic acids that are essential components of lipids, often with an even number of carbon atoms.

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Saturated Fatty Acids

Fatty acids with predominantly single bonds between carbon atoms, usually solid at room temperature.

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What are steroid hormones?

Steroid hormones are a type of lipid hormone derived from cholesterol. They are involved in various vital bodily functions, including reproduction and stress response.

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What are the main types of steroid hormones?

The main categories of steroid hormones include sex hormones (like estrogen and testosterone) and adrenocorticoid hormones (which regulate stress responses and mineral balance).

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What's the function of estrogens?

Estrogens are female sex hormones primarily responsible for the development and regulation of female reproductive systems and secondary sexual characteristics.

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What's the function of androgens?

Androgens, like testosterone, are male sex hormones essential for the development of male reproductive organs, muscle mass, and other masculine traits.

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What's the function of progestins?

Progestins, such as progesterone, are primarily involved in pregnancy, influencing the uterine lining and aiding in fetal development.

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What do mineralocorticoids do?

Mineralocorticoids, like aldosterone, regulate the balance of sodium and potassium ions in the body, which is essential for fluid balance and nerve function.

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What's the role of glucocorticoids?

Glucocorticoids, like cortisol, regulate glucose metabolism and help the body cope with stress by reducing inflammation.

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What are phospholipids?

Phospholipids are a type of lipid with a phosphate group attached, forming the structural basis of cell membranes.

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Study Notes

Carbohydrates

  • Simplest Carbohydrate: Glucose is classified as the simplest carbohydrate.
  • Oligosaccharides: Oligosaccharides are carbohydrates composed of three to ten monosaccharides.
  • Starch: Starch is a polymer of α-D-glucose units serving as the primary food reserve in plants.
  • Glycogen: Glycogen, another polymer of glucose like starch, is the principal storage form of glucose in animals.
  • Nucleic Acids: Carbohydrates play a role in nucleic acids.
  • Monosaccharides: Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates, also serving as their monomers.

Lipids

  • Primary Function: Lipids play a crucial role in energy storage.
  • Saturated fatty acids: Saturated fatty acids are characterized by having single bonds between carbon atoms.
  • Unsaturated fatty acids: Unsaturated fatty acids differ from saturated fatty acids by having at least one double bond between carbon atoms.
  • Steroid hormones: Steroid hormones are distinguished from other types of hormones by their structure, which includes four fused rings.
  • Lipid functions: Lipids do not function in regulating blood glucose levels.

Proteins

  • Structural component of membranes: Phospholipids are the primary components of biological membranes.
  • Receptors: Receptors in proteins are responsible for recognizing and binding to specific molecules.
  • Oxygen Transport: Hemoglobin is a protein known for its role in oxygen transport.

Hormones

  • Mineralocorticoids: Mineralocorticoids play a crucial role in regulating electrolyte balance, particularly sodium and potassium.
  • Pregnancy: Pregnancy is primarily regulated by estrogen hormones.

Monosaccharides

  • Aldose: Glucose, an aldose, has a carbonyl group at the end of the carbon chain.
  • Ketose: Fructose, a ketose, has a carbonyl group within the carbon chain.
  • Pentose: Pentose monosaccharides contain five carbon atoms.

Disaccharides

  • Disaccharide: Sucrose, a disaccharide, is composed of glucose and fructose.

Polysaccharides

  • Polysaccharides: Polysaccharides are characterized by their large size and complex structure, often composed of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides.

Oligosaccharides

  • Oligosaccharides: Oligosaccharides often serve as recognition sites in cell-cell interactions.

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Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of biomolecules, which are the basic building blocks of life. This quiz covers types of biomolecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and lipids, along with their roles in growth and maintenance. Test your knowledge on the classifications and importance of these organic compounds.

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