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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a disaccharide?
Which of the following is NOT a disaccharide?
Sucrose is made up of glucose and galactose.
Sucrose is made up of glucose and galactose.
False
What is the main element that organic compounds are composed of?
What is the main element that organic compounds are composed of?
Carbohydrates are described as simple or complex based on the length of their carbon chains.
Carbohydrates are described as simple or complex based on the length of their carbon chains.
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What digestive enzyme breaks down lactose?
What digestive enzyme breaks down lactose?
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Cholesterol is transported in the blood by carriers called ______.
Cholesterol is transported in the blood by carriers called ______.
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What are the three examples of monosaccharides mentioned?
What are the three examples of monosaccharides mentioned?
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Match the following carbohydrates with their sources:
Match the following carbohydrates with their sources:
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The general formula for carbohydrates can be represented as C₂H₂O, and they are primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and _____ atoms.
The general formula for carbohydrates can be represented as C₂H₂O, and they are primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and _____ atoms.
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What is the primary function of glycogen in the body?
What is the primary function of glycogen in the body?
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Match the following monosaccharides with their common sources:
Match the following monosaccharides with their common sources:
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What defines the functional groups in organic compounds?
What defines the functional groups in organic compounds?
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HDL cholesterol is considered 'bad' cholesterol.
HDL cholesterol is considered 'bad' cholesterol.
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What is the energy provided by one gram of carbohydrates?
What is the energy provided by one gram of carbohydrates?
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Monosaccharides such as glucose, fructose, and galactose have different chemical formulas.
Monosaccharides such as glucose, fructose, and galactose have different chemical formulas.
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What conversion must take place before galactose can be used by the body for energy?
What conversion must take place before galactose can be used by the body for energy?
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Essential fatty acids cannot be ______ by the body.
Essential fatty acids cannot be ______ by the body.
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Which type of fatty acid contains only single bonds between carbon atoms?
Which type of fatty acid contains only single bonds between carbon atoms?
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Carbohydrates serve as the main source of _____ for the body.
Carbohydrates serve as the main source of _____ for the body.
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Which of the following are classified as complex carbohydrates?
Which of the following are classified as complex carbohydrates?
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What are amino acids categorized into?
What are amino acids categorized into?
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Nonessential amino acids must be obtained from food.
Nonessential amino acids must be obtained from food.
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What is the primary noncovalent force responsible for the secondary structure of a polypeptide?
What is the primary noncovalent force responsible for the secondary structure of a polypeptide?
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The complete proteins derived from animal sources include __________.
The complete proteins derived from animal sources include __________.
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Match the nitrogenous bases with their classification:
Match the nitrogenous bases with their classification:
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Which structure describes a coiled configuration of a polypeptide?
Which structure describes a coiled configuration of a polypeptide?
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In DNA, adenine pairs with uracil.
In DNA, adenine pairs with uracil.
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Who were the scientists that unraveled the double-helix structure of DNA?
Who were the scientists that unraveled the double-helix structure of DNA?
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RNA consists of ribose sugar, a phosphate group, and __________.
RNA consists of ribose sugar, a phosphate group, and __________.
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What primarily determines the distinctiveness of a nucleic acid?
What primarily determines the distinctiveness of a nucleic acid?
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Study Notes
Organic Compounds
- Organic compounds primarily consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
- They are essential for life processes.
- Biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, are types of organic compounds.
- Carbon's versatility in forming covalent bonds with other elements and itself creates a vast array of organic compounds.
- Organic compound classifications are based on functional groups, which are specific atom groups that give molecules unique properties.
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates are the body's primary energy source.
- Their structure follows a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms (carbohydrates can be represented by the general formula C₆H₁₂O₆).
- They are categorized as simple (monosaccharides and disaccharides) or complex (polysaccharides) based on their molecular size and unit number.
- Monosaccharides: These are the simplest carbohydrates, serving as building blocks. Examples include glucose, fructose, and galactose (all with the same chemical formula but different structures). Monosaccharides can form rings through intramolecular reactions, leading to more stable forms.
- Glucose: Body's primary stored energy source, found in fruits and vegetables.
- Fructose: Found in fruits, honey.
- Galactose: Found in dairy, fruits, and vegetables, converted to glucose by the liver.
- Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond. Examples include:
- Sucrose (table sugar): Fructose + Glucose, derived from sugarcane and sugar beet.
- Maltose: Two glucose units, from starchy foods (potatoes, corn).
- Lactose (milk sugar): Glucose + Galactose, most abundant carbohydrate in milk. Lactase deficiency impedes lactose digestion.
- Polysaccharides: Complex carbohydrates made of many monosaccharides.
- Glycogen (animal starch): Complex, branched structure, glucose storage in liver and muscle. Released when blood glucose levels are low.
- Chitin: Major component of fungi and arthropod exoskeletons, has various applications; a derivative of glucose.
- Carbohydrates provide 4 kcal of energy per gram.
- Carbohydrates can also combine with proteins (glycoproteins) and lipids (glycolipids) for vital bodily functions. Ribose, a type of carbohydrate, is a component of DNA and RNA.
Lipids (Fats and Oils)
- Lipids are another major class of biomolecules, including fats and oils. Fats are animal-derived; oils are plant or fish-derived.
- Fat is a solid at room temperature; oil is a liquid.
- Lipids are composed of triglycerides, esters of glycerol and three fatty acids.
- Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with hydrocarbon chains (R); they are either saturated or unsaturated. Saturated fatty acids have single carbon-carbon bonds; unsaturated fatty acids have double or triple bonds.
- Cholesterol is a type of lipid, both dietary and naturally synthesized.
- Cholesterol is transported by lipoproteins (LDL and HDL). LDL ("bad cholesterol") can build up in artery walls. HDL ("good cholesterol") removes LDL, preventing buildup.
- Fat provides 9 kcal of energy per gram.
- Fats are stored in adipose tissue, serving as a reserve energy source when carbohydrate reserves are low (e.g., low-carb diets, cold weather).
- Fats aid in vitamin (A, D, E, K) absorption.
- Contain essential fatty acids which cannot be synthesized by the body.
Proteins
- Proteins are long chains (polymers) of amino acids (comprised of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen).
- 20 types of amino acids exist, each with a different side chain (R).
- Amino acids are categorized as essential (obtained from food) or nonessential (produced in the body).
- Complete proteins contain all essential amino acids, derived from animal sources; incomplete proteins lack certain essential amino acids , plant derived.
- Complementary proteins are combinations of incomplete proteins that provide all essential amino acids, creating a necessary balance in amino acid intake.
- Proteins have a secondary structure involving non-covalent forces (like hydrogen bonds), resulting in a specific three-dimensional shape.
- Common secondary structures are alpha-helices (coiled polypeptide strands) and beta-pleated sheets (side-by-side pleated arrangement).
Nucleic Acids
- Nucleic acids are long chains of nucleotides.
- A nucleotide consists of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
- Two types of nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, uracil) and purines (adenine, guanine).
- Nucleic acids are categorized into DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).
- DNA stores genetic information, directing organism characteristics; RNA transfers genetic information and directs protein synthesis.
- DNA is composed of deoxyribose sugar, phosphate groups, and bases thymine, cytosine, adenine, and guanine, forming a double helix.
- Complementary base pairing (A with T, G with C) is characteristic of DNA's structure.
- RNA is composed of ribose sugar, phosphate groups, and bases adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine, and forms a single strand.
- Three major types of RNA: mRNA (messenger), rRNA(ribosomal), tRNA (transfer) play roles in protein synthesis.
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Description
Test your knowledge on organic compounds and their significance in life processes. This quiz will cover the essentials of carbohydrates, their structures, classifications, and functions in the body. Dive into the world of biomolecules and enhance your understanding of organic chemistry.
