Biomolecules and Experiments Quiz

Variables in Scientific Experiments

• Dependent Variable: Data that changes in response to the independent variable. (Quantitative or qualitative)
• Independent Variable: Variable being tested or manipulated.
• Controlled Variable: Kept constant throughout the experiment to isolate the effect of the independent variable.

Biomolecules

• Basic Components: Carbon-based molecules crucial for life's functions. Include Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus.
• Monomers: Building blocks of larger biomolecules

Types of Biomolecules

Carbohydrates

• Composed of monosaccharides (single sugars).
• Primary source of quick energy.
• Examples: Bread, pasta.

Lipids

• Composed of fatty acids.
• Long-term energy storage.
• Crucial for cell membranes and insulation in organisms.
• Types:
  • LDL (low-density lipoprotein): Deposits cholesterol in the bloodstream.
  • HDL (high-density lipoprotein): Removes cholesterol from arteries.
  • Triglycerides: Various forms of fats.

Proteins

• Composed of amino acids.
• Diverse functions: Building muscle, forming antibodies, acting as enzymes.

Nucleic Acids

• Composed of nucleotides.
• Include DNA and RNA.
• Carry genetic information.

Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

• Chemical Reactions: Involve changes in atomic bonds. Reactants are transformed into products.
• Energy Considerations: Some reactions release energy; others need energy input.
• Enzymes: Protein catalysts, speeding up biological reactions.
  • Active sites: Specific binding areas for substrates.
  • Influence of temperature and pH: Enzymes function optimally within specific ranges.
  • Form enzyme-substrate complexes: Temporary bonds facilitating reaction.
  • Crucial for biological processes.

Characteristics of Living Things

• Cellular Structure: Composed of cells.
• Reproduction: Sexual or asexual.
• Heredity: Contain DNA.
• Growth and Development: Increase in size and complexity.
• Energy Use: Acquire and use materials/energy.
• Response to Stimuli: React to internal/external cues.
• Homeostasis: Maintaining internal stability.
• Evolution: Change over time.

Bioregions

• Definition: Natural regions defined by topographic and biological features.
• Components: Native plant/animal species, Invasive species impacts, Human impacts (deforestation, mining, pollution)

Energy Flow and Food Webs

Autotrophs (Primary Producers)

• Capture energy from non-living sources (e.g., photosynthesis, chemosynthesis).
• Produce their own food.
• Base of most food chains and webs.

Heterotrophs (Consumers)

• Obtain energy by consuming other organisms.
• Energy transfer is inefficient (only 10% transferred between trophic levels).

Ecological Relationships

Food Chains and Webs

• Simple (food chains) vs. complex (food webs) views of energy transfer.
• Decomposers break down dead/decaying material (bones, fur, feces).

Symbiotic Relationships

• Parasitism: One benefits, one harmed.
• Mutualism: Both benefit.
• Commensalism: One benefits, one unaffected.

Habitat and Niche

• Habitat: Physical location where an organism lives.
• Niche: Organism's role in the ecosystem. (biotic and abiotic factors)

Carbon Cycle

• Movement: Carbon cycles between atmosphere, land plants, animals, oceans, and geosphere (fossil fuels, limestone).
• Human Impact: Burning fossil fuels, deforestation, cement production, and livestock farming increase atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Climate Change and Environmental Impact

Ecological Footprint:

• Measurement of resources needed by a human population.

Global Systems:

• Interconnected spheres: Hydrosphere, Atmosphere, Geosphere, Biosphere.

Climate Solutions:

• Renewable energy, energy efficiency, sustainable agriculture, Paris Agreement.

Environmental Disturbances

• Types: Natural and human-caused events (hunting, logging, climate change, oil spills, etc.).
• Impact: Varies due to the disturbance and the trophic level affected.

Test your knowledge on the role of dependent variables in experiments and the structure and function of various biomolecules. This quiz covers essential concepts such as the differences between HDL and LDL cholesterol, as well as the energy-providing functions of specific biomolecules. Perfect for biology students looking to reinforce their understanding.