Biomolecules and Plant Cells Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Name the four classes of biomolecules, and state an important function of each class.

Proteins: catalysts; Nucleic acids: information transfer; Lipids: fuel and structure; Carbohydrates: fuel and cell-to-cell communication.

Name three organelles or structures found in plant cells but not in animal cells.

Chloroplasts, vacuoles, and cell wall.

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding carbon-based molecules and silicon-based molecules?

Both carbon and silicon can form four covalent bonds. (correct)

Only carbon can form covalent bonds.

Carbon is less versatile than silicon.

Silicon cannot bond with oxygen.

What is the main difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell?

Eukaryotic cells have membrane-enclosed compartments. Signup and view all the answers

The genetic information present in DNA is described by

the sequence of bases along a DNA strand. Signup and view all the answers

The three-dimensional structure of a protein is dictated by

its amino acid sequence. Signup and view all the answers

The _ is the cellular location of _.

cytoplasm; protein synthesis and nucleus; genetic material. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the MOST abundant element in human beings?

Hydrogen Signup and view all the answers

During transcription, _ is the template for a new molecule of _.

DNA; RNA. Signup and view all the answers

Biomolecules can be divided into four different classes. Which of the following is NOT a major class of biomolecule?

Fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

All weak interactions can be said to be fundamentally electrostatic interactions. Explain.

Ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals interactions all depend on the unequal distribution of electrons, resulting in an unequal distribution of charge. Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the following statement applies to biochemistry: Order can be generated by an increase in randomness.

The statement essentially describes the hydrophobic effect. Specific complicated biochemical structures can form, powered by the increase in entropy that results when hydrophobic groups are removed from aqueous solution. Signup and view all the answers

Water is said to be highly cohesive because water molecules interact with one another through

hydrogen bonds. Signup and view all the answers

A biological molecule can serve as a hydrogen bond donor if the hydrogen is attached to

oxygen or nitrogen. Signup and view all the answers

The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that

the total entropy of a system plus its surroundings increases if a process is spontaneous. Signup and view all the answers

The dielectric constant of the interior of a protein is considerably smaller than that of water. How would you expect this to affect the strength of an electrostatic interaction between two opposite charges with the same distance between them if the charged groups were located in the interior of the protein rather than on its surface?

The strength of interaction would be stronger if the interacting charges were in the interior of the protein. Signup and view all the answers

Brownian motion is due to:

the random fluctuation of the energy content of the environment and thermal noise. Signup and view all the answers

The partially positively charged hydrogen atoms of one molecule of water can interact with the partially negatively charged oxygen atoms of another molecule of water. This is called:

a hydrogen bond. Signup and view all the answers

A molecule that _ dissolve in water is called _.

can; polar. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of a noncovalent interaction?

A salt tunnel Signup and view all the answers

The measure of randomness is called:

entropy. Signup and view all the answers

Solution X is at a pH of 3; solution Y is at a pH of 8. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Solution X contains more protons than solution Y. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classes of Biomolecules

Four classes: Proteins (catalysts), nucleic acids (information transfer), lipids (fuel and structure), carbohydrates (fuel and cell-to-cell communication).

Plant Cell Organelles

Unique structures in plant cells: chloroplasts (photosynthesis), vacuoles (storage), cell wall (structure and protection).

Carbon vs. Silicon Molecules

Both carbon and silicon can form four covalent bonds, allowing for complex structures.

Cell Types

Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-enclosed compartments, unlike eukaryotic cells which contain organelles.

Genetic Information in DNA

DNA encodes genetic information through the sequence of its nucleotide bases.

Protein Structure

The three-dimensional structure of proteins is determined by their amino acid sequence.

Cellular Locations

Cytoplasm is where protein synthesis occurs; the nucleus contains genetic material.

Most Abundant Element

Hydrogen is the most abundant element found in humans.

Transcription Process

During transcription, DNA serves as the template to create RNA.

Biomolecule Classes

Fatty acids are not classified as a major class of biomolecule.

Weak Interactions

All weak interactions (ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, van der Waals interactions) depend on electrostatic interactions from uneven electron distribution.

Entropy and Biochemical Order

The hydrophobic effect demonstrates that biochemical structures can form as randomness increases when hydrophobic groups are excluded from water.

Water Cohesion

Water's high cohesion is due to hydrogen bonding between water molecules.

Hydrogen Bond Donors

Biological molecules can donate hydrogen bonds if the hydrogen is bonded to oxygen or nitrogen.

Second Law of Thermodynamics

States that total entropy (disorder) of a system and its surroundings increases in spontaneous processes.

Electrostatic Interactions

Electrostatic interactions are stronger in the interior of proteins, where the dielectric constant is lower than in water.

Brownian Motion

Caused by random fluctuations in energy and thermal noise in the environment.

Hydrogen Bonds

Formed when partially positively charged hydrogen atoms from one water molecule interact with partially negatively charged oxygen atoms of another water molecule.

Polar Molecules

Molecules that can dissolve in water are termed polar.

Noncovalent Interactions

A salt tunnel is not an example of a noncovalent interaction.

Entropy Measurement

Entropy is the measure of randomness in a system.

pH Comparison

A solution with pH 3 (solution X) contains more protons than a solution with pH 8 (solution Y).

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Description

Test your knowledge of biomolecules and the differences between plant and animal cells. This quiz covers essential functions of biomolecules and identifies unique structures in plant cells. Perfect for biology students looking to enhance their understanding.