Biology: Variation in Life Forms and Features
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What role do Cyanobacteria play in the early evolution of life?

  • They acted solely as detritivores in aquatic ecosystems.
  • They evolved into multicellular organisms.
  • They were the first organisms to use nitrogen fixation.
  • They generated food and oxygen through early photosynthesis. (correct)

    • What is the primary significance of endosymbiosis in cellular evolution?

  • It allowed prokaryotic cells to maintain independence.
  • It enabled complex multicellular life forms to emerge.
  • It resulted in the extinction of early aerobic bacteria.
  • It facilitated the formation of the first eukaryotic cells. (correct)

    • How did the production of oxygen by Cyanobacteria transform the planet?

  • It decreased the global temperature significantly.
  • It resulted in increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.
  • It led to the extinction of anaerobic life forms.
  • It created conditions that allowed for aerobic life to thrive. (correct)

    • Which cellular process likely preceded the evolution of multicellularity?

    <p>Endosymbiotic relationships among different species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence suggests that animals and plants diverged before the second step of endosymbiosis?

    <p>Animals do not possess chloroplasts for photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of nucleic acids in cellular life?

    <p>Gene expression and inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which biomolecule primarily provides energy for growth and replication in cells?

    <p>Carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about proteins is incorrect?

    <p>Proteins are responsible for the storage of genetic information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is essential for maintaining order within a living organism?

    <p>Metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of hydrophobic biomolecules in cells?

    <p>Lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of cellular evolution, which statement is most accurate?

    <p>Cellular life evolved to exhibit complexity through specialization and organization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT a key process defining life according to the principles of cellular biology?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What element is essential as a backbone for DNA structure?

    <p>Phosphorus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is essential for the continuity of life through the transmission of genetic information?

    <p>Self-Replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key function of proteins in living organisms?

    <p>Facilitate metabolic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nucleic acid is primarily involved in the process of self-replication in organisms?

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fundamental aspect of cellular metabolism?

    <p>Conversion of energy from one form to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes abioGENESIS from bioGENESIS in theories about the origin of life?

    <p>AbioGENESIS posits that life comes from non-living things.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example provides evidence for the theory of panspermia?

    <p>Microbial life found in meteorites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do genes play in the context of self-replication?

    <p>Serve as replicators for biological information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements is true regarding cellular evolution?

    <p>Cells evolved from simpler structures over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does energy generation relate to self-replication in cells?

    <p>Energy generation provides the necessary resources for self-replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of endosymbiosis in the evolution of early eukaryotic cells?

    <p>It resulted in the acquisition of aerobic bacteria that enhanced metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of cyanobacteria distinguishes them in the timeline of early cellular life?

    <p>They are capable of transforming carbon dioxide into organic molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event likely occurred first during the origin of cellular life?

    <p>The emergence of photosynthetic bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drove the evolutionary transition from single-celled organisms to multicellularity?

    <p>Improved methods of obtaining food and reproducing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best explains the role of stromatolites in the history of life on Earth?

    <p>They provide evidence of the first living cells and early photosynthetic activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do fungal hyphae enhance their efficiency to address the surface area to volume ratio problem?

    <p>By extending thin, branching filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adaptation allows eukaryotic muscle tissue to efficiently manage the surface area to volume ratio?

    <p>Highly organized structure with elongated fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature of plant cells is most effective in overcoming the surface area to volume ratio challenge?

    <p>Flat, elongated shapes with extensive intercellular spaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the need to overcome the surface area to volume ratio in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>To facilitate efficient nutrient uptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does the nuclear envelope contribute to cellular function?

    <p>It regulates the entry and exit of molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature of the double helix DNA allows for effective replication?

    <p>Hydrogen-bonded base pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component directly contributes to the maintenance of the nucleus's shape?

    <p>Nuclear lamina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the organization of DNA into nucleosomes benefit eukaryotic cells?

    <p>It compacts the DNA for storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

    <p>Protein synthesis and modification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the cytoplasm contains various proteins like 'Keratin'?

    <p>Intermediate filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the cytoskeleton in a cell?

    <p>Cellular growth and motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary product of the transcription process?

    <p>Messenger RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Endomembrane System within a cell?

    <p>Compartmental organization and transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is essential for the translation of mRNA into proteins?

    <p>Ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes RNA from DNA in terms of structure?

    <p>Ribose sugar in RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cytoplasm is specifically known for containing intracellular fluid and various biomolecules?

    <p>Cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do ribosomes primarily synthesize proteins?

    <p>In the cytoplasm and associated with the Endoplasmic Reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are actin filaments primarily responsible for in the cytoskeleton?

    <p>Cellular growth through polymerization and depolymerization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component forms a complex with proteins to create a ribosome?

    <p>Ribosomal RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is primarily involved in detoxification and lipid synthesis?

    <p>Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in the cytoplasm is responsible for anchoring organelles and organizing the cell's 3-D shape?

    <p>Intermediate filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of lipids makes them suitable for forming the plasma membrane?

    <p>They are amphipathic, having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of phospholipids is responsible for their hydrophilic nature?

    <p>Phosphate head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it necessary to have lipids that are insoluble in water in biological membranes?

    <p>To maintain structural rigidity and prevent mixing with water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a function of the plasma membrane in relation to the cytoplasm?

    <p>It separates the cell from the external environment to maintain order.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to phospholipids when they are placed in an aqueous environment?

    <p>They assemble into a bilayer structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary phase of the cell cycle where DNA replication occurs?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of mitosis involves the alignment of chromosomes on the metaphase plate?

    <p>Metaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the anaphase stage of mitosis?

    <p>Chromatids separate and migrate to opposite poles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytokinesis is associated with which of the following events?

    <p>Formation of the cleavage furrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure forms during prophase of mitosis?

    <p>Centrosomes with centriole pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential requirement for mitosis to occur properly?

    <p>Sufficient nutrients and organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement describes prometaphase in mitosis?

    <p>Membrane dissolves and chromosomes attach to spindle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the number of centrosomes change from G1 to G2 phase?

    <p>It doubles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during telophase of mitosis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes the entire process of cell division including mitosis and cytokinesis?

    <p>M-phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Variation in Life Forms

    • Fungi
    • Viruses
    • Animals
    • Plants

    Features of Living Organisms

    • Adaptation
    • Order/Organization
    • Control/Regulation
    • Obtaining/using Energy
    • Growth
    • Reproduction & Heredity
    • Responsiveness
    • Molecular Processes

    Self-Replication

    • The defining feature of life
    • Present in animals, plants, and bacteria.
    • Not present in viruses, computer code/virus, or robots/AI

    Organismal Level

    • Self-replication as a defining feature of life
    • Animals
    • Plants
    • Bacteria

    Molecular Level

    • Self-replication as a defining feature of life
    • Animals
    • Plants
    • Bacteria
    • DNA
    • Proteins

    The Cell

    • The molecular machine which allows self-replication
    • The molecular machine which allows energy generation
    • The molecular process which allows energy generation
    • The molecular machine which allows self-replication
    • How did all this come together & when?

    Theories on the Origin of Life

    • Life continuously arises from non-living things
    • Spontaneous generation
    • Life continuously evolves from living things
    • Darwinian Evolution

    Early Earth

    • 4.54 BYA
    • Reducing (no O2) - Other Gases
    • Water?
    • 3.8 BYA

    Life on Earth

    • The first rainfall was from 4.2 – 3.8 BYA
    • Consistent with cooling of the atmosphere
    • Water (H20) – is a key solvent for biological life
    • Cohesion of water molecules
    • Moderate temperature
    • Allow floating
    • Aqueous solutions/Solvent (aka Medium for Life)
    • Some substances repel it & form "Barriers"

    Prebiotic Conditions

    • Can give rise to biotic molecules
    • Miller Experiment (Fig 4.2, Campbell)
    • Simulated early-earth conditions
    • Components of prebiotic molecules:
      • Amino Acids
      • Nucleic acids
    • RNA world idea - RNA as an enzyme, to promote self-replication
    • In more unstable prebiotic conditions, RNA was superior - DNA later evolved

    After the First Cells & Photosynthesis

    • Endosymbiosis
    • Obtaining food & reproduction drove evolution
    • Amoeba (single cell eukaryotic 'animal')
    • Slime Mould (Dictosytelium) – sexual reproduction
    • Sea Sponge (Hydra) - cell specialization

    Cellular Life

    • Cells come in all shapes & sizes
    • Bacterial Cell
    • Animal Cell
    • Fungal Cell
    • Neurons
    • Provide energy for growth & replication
    • Give structure
    • Composed of bio-molecules: nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates

    Cellular Processes: Growth and Self-Replication

    • The capacity for growth and self-replication

    The Cell Cycle

    • G1 checkpoint
    • M checkpoint
    • G2 checkpoint

    Functions of Cell Division

    • Propagation of Life
    • Growth & embryonic development or organisms
    • Repairs and renewal after tissue damage
    • Asexual reproduction
    • Sexual reproduction

    Meiosis

    • Separate (like mitosis)
    • Homologous chromosomes separate

    The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

    • Genetic material – self-replicating molecule “Selfish Gene”
    • Instructions for cellular life
    • Temporary copy of DNA expresses instructions for life "Messenger"
    • Catalysts for cellular life (Metabolism) Effectors

    Variation in Life Forms

    • Bacteria
    • Fungi
    • Viruses
    • Animal
    • Plants
    • **

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