Biology Unit Review: Chapter 2 and 3

Biology Unit Review

• Study Strategies:
  • Review daily notes and corresponding textbook sections
  • Revisit assigned homework questions
  • Rewrite notes to aid memory
  • Use cue cards for practice
  • Review quizzes and worksheets
  • Complete unit review questions (Chapter 2: p. 65 #1-17, Self Quiz p. 66; Chapter 3: p. 116 #1-19, self test p. 118).

Terminology

• Prokaryote: A single-celled organism lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
• Eukaryote: A single-celled or multi-celled organism with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
• Organelle: Specialized compartments within a cell.
• Cytoplasm: Gel-like substance filling the cell.
• Cell Membrane: Outer boundary of the cell.
• Nucleus: Organelle containing the cell's genetic material (DNA).
• DNA: Genetic material.
• Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for cellular respiration.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
• Golgi Bodies: Process and package proteins.
• Vacuoles: Storage sacs.
• Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.
• Centriole: Involved in cell division.
• Lysosomes: Break down cellular waste.
• Cell Wall: Rigid outer layer in some cells.
• Chloroplasts: Contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis in plant cells.
• Photosynthesis: Process used by plants to create energy using sunlight.
• Spindle fibres: Microtubules involved in cell division.
• Chromosome: Structure containing DNA.
• Chromatid: One half of a duplicated chromosome.
• Centromere: Region where sister chromatids join.
• Cancer: Uncontrolled cell growth.
• Tumor: Abnormal growth of cells.
• Benign Tumor: Non-cancerous tumor.
• Malignant Tumor: Cancerous tumor.
• Metastasis: Spread of cancer cells.
• Mutation: Change in DNA sequence.
• Carcinogen: Substance that can cause cancer.
• Cancer Screening: Process to detect cancer early.
• Genetic Screening: Tests for genetic disorders.
• Stem cell: Undifferentiated cell with the potential to develop into different cell types.
• Embryonic stem cell: Stem cell derived from an embryo.
• Tissue stem cell: Stem cell found in adult tissues.
• Smooth muscle tissue: Muscle tissue found in internal organs.
• Mouth: Part of the digestive system.
• Esophagus: Connects mouth to stomach.
• Stomach: Part of the digestive system.
• Small Intestine: Part of the digestive system where nutrients are absorbed.
• Large Intestine: Part of the digestive system where water is absorbed.
• Liver: Organ involved in metabolism.
• Pancreas: Produces hormones and aids in digestion.
• Red blood cell: Blood cell carrying oxygen.
• White blood cell: Blood cell part of the immune system.
• Platelets: Blood component involved in clotting.
• Plasma: Liquid part of blood.
• Heart: Organ pumping blood.
• Cardiac muscle tissue: Muscle tissue of the heart.
• Arteries: Blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart.
• Biopsy: Sample of tissue for examination.
• X-ray: Diagnostic imaging using electromagnetic waves.
• Ultrasound: Diagnostic imaging using sound waves.
• CT scan: Cross-sectional imaging using X-rays.
• MRI: Diagnostic imaging using magnetic fields.
• Cellular respiration: Process cells use to release energy from food.
• Asexual reproduction: Creation of genetically identical offspring from a single parent.
• Sexual reproduction: Creation of offspring from two parents.
• Specialized cell: Cell with a particular role or function.
• Gamete: Sex cell.
• Organism: Living thing.
• Alveoli: Tiny air sacs in the lungs.
• Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
• Osmosis: Movement of water from high to low concentration.
• Interphase: Stage in cell cycle before mitosis.
• Mitosis: Cell division.
• Prophase: First stage of mitosis.
• Metaphase: Middle stage of mitosis.
• Anaphase: Stage of mitosis where chromosomes separate.
• Telophase: Final stage of mitosis.
• Cytokinesis: Division of cytoplasm to form two cells.
• Epithelial tissue: Tissue covering surfaces.
• Connective tissue: Supports and connects other tissues.
• Muscle tissue: Tissue capable of contraction.
• Nerve tissue: Tissue responsible for communication in the body.
• Neuron: Nerve cell.
• Cellular differentiation: Process by which cells become specialized.
• Nerve bundles: Groups of nerve fibres.
• Central nervous system (CNS): Brain and spinal cord.
• Peripheral nervous system (PNS): All nerves outside the CNS

2.1 Plant & Animal Cells

• Cell Theory:
  • All organisms are composed of cells.
  • All cells come from pre-existing cells.
  • Cells are the basic unit of life.
• Common features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:
  • Cell membrane,
  • Genetic material,
  • Ribosomes,
  • Cytoplasm

Prokaryotes VS Eukaryotes

• Presence of membrane-bound organelles: Prokaryotes- No, Eukaryotes- Yes
• Uni or Multicellular?: Prokaryotes- Uni, Eukaryotes- Uni/Multi