Biology Unit Review: Chapter 2 and 3

Study Notes

Biology Unit Review

Study Strategies:
- Review daily notes and corresponding textbook sections
- Revisit assigned homework questions
- Rewrite notes to aid memory
- Use cue cards for practice
- Review quizzes and worksheets
- Complete unit review questions (Chapter 2: p. 65 #1-17, Self Quiz p. 66; Chapter 3: p. 116 #1-19, self test p. 118).

Terminology

Prokaryote: A single-celled organism lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryote: A single-celled or multi-celled organism with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Organelle: Specialized compartments within a cell.
Cytoplasm: Gel-like substance filling the cell.
Cell Membrane: Outer boundary of the cell.
Nucleus: Organelle containing the cell's genetic material (DNA).
DNA: Genetic material.
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for cellular respiration.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
Golgi Bodies: Process and package proteins.
Vacuoles: Storage sacs.
Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.
Centriole: Involved in cell division.
Lysosomes: Break down cellular waste.
Cell Wall: Rigid outer layer in some cells.
Chloroplasts: Contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis in plant cells.
Photosynthesis: Process used by plants to create energy using sunlight.
Spindle fibres: Microtubules involved in cell division.
Chromosome: Structure containing DNA.
Chromatid: One half of a duplicated chromosome.
Centromere: Region where sister chromatids join.
Cancer: Uncontrolled cell growth.
Tumor: Abnormal growth of cells.
Benign Tumor: Non-cancerous tumor.
Malignant Tumor: Cancerous tumor.
Metastasis: Spread of cancer cells.
Mutation: Change in DNA sequence.
Carcinogen: Substance that can cause cancer.
Cancer Screening: Process to detect cancer early.
Genetic Screening: Tests for genetic disorders.
Stem cell: Undifferentiated cell with the potential to develop into different cell types.
Embryonic stem cell: Stem cell derived from an embryo.
Tissue stem cell: Stem cell found in adult tissues.
Smooth muscle tissue: Muscle tissue found in internal organs.
Mouth: Part of the digestive system.
Esophagus: Connects mouth to stomach.
Stomach: Part of the digestive system.
Small Intestine: Part of the digestive system where nutrients are absorbed.
Large Intestine: Part of the digestive system where water is absorbed.
Liver: Organ involved in metabolism.
Pancreas: Produces hormones and aids in digestion.
Red blood cell: Blood cell carrying oxygen.
White blood cell: Blood cell part of the immune system.
Platelets: Blood component involved in clotting.
Plasma: Liquid part of blood.
Heart: Organ pumping blood.
Cardiac muscle tissue: Muscle tissue of the heart.
Arteries: Blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart.
Biopsy: Sample of tissue for examination.
X-ray: Diagnostic imaging using electromagnetic waves.
Ultrasound: Diagnostic imaging using sound waves.
CT scan: Cross-sectional imaging using X-rays.
MRI: Diagnostic imaging using magnetic fields.
Cellular respiration: Process cells use to release energy from food.
Asexual reproduction: Creation of genetically identical offspring from a single parent.
Sexual reproduction: Creation of offspring from two parents.
Specialized cell: Cell with a particular role or function.
Gamete: Sex cell.
Organism: Living thing.
Alveoli: Tiny air sacs in the lungs.
Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
Osmosis: Movement of water from high to low concentration.
Interphase: Stage in cell cycle before mitosis.
Mitosis: Cell division.
Prophase: First stage of mitosis.
Metaphase: Middle stage of mitosis.
Anaphase: Stage of mitosis where chromosomes separate.
Telophase: Final stage of mitosis.
Cytokinesis: Division of cytoplasm to form two cells.
Epithelial tissue: Tissue covering surfaces.
Connective tissue: Supports and connects other tissues.
Muscle tissue: Tissue capable of contraction.
Nerve tissue: Tissue responsible for communication in the body.
Neuron: Nerve cell.
Cellular differentiation: Process by which cells become specialized.
Nerve bundles: Groups of nerve fibres.
Central nervous system (CNS): Brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral nervous system (PNS): All nerves outside the CNS

2.1 Plant & Animal Cells

Cell Theory:
- All organisms are composed of cells.
- All cells come from pre-existing cells.
- Cells are the basic unit of life.
Common features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:
- Cell membrane,
- Genetic material,
- Ribosomes,
- Cytoplasm