Cell Biology Review Part 1

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the cell nucleus?

Regulation of transport across the membrane

Energy production

Storage of genetic material (correct)

Synthesis of proteins

Which organelle is primarily involved in energy production within the cell?

Ribosome

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondrion (correct)

Lysosome

Which statement correctly describes the function of the plasma membrane?

It exclusively allows all substances to pass freely.

It regulates transport and maintains cellular homeostasis. (correct)

It synthesizes cellular proteins.

It is solely involved in cell division.

What is a key characteristic of eukaryotic cell division?

It involves complex processes like mitosis and cytokinesis. Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the cell is primarily responsible for protein synthesis?

Ribosome Signup and view all the answers

What is the main distinguishing feature of eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells are generally larger and have membrane-bound organelles. Signup and view all the answers

What role do membrane-associated proteins play in the cell membrane?

They determine cell function by serving as enzymes and receptors. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell?

The part of the cell that lies between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope. Signup and view all the answers

What is true about viruses in relation to living organisms?

They do not possess the characteristics of living organisms. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the main function of the cell membrane?

To serve as a selective barrier and support membrane proteins. Signup and view all the answers

What is found within the cytosol of eukaryotic cells?

Dissolved ions and macromolecules, including proteins. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is NOT found in prokaryotic cells?

Nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the functions of lysosomes in eukaryotic cells?

Digestion of macromolecules and cellular debris. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rER)?

Protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (sER) is true?

It is involved in the metabolism of drugs and toxins. Signup and view all the answers

How are proteins delivered to the Golgi body from the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Via transport vesicles Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily responsible for processing and packaging proteins?

Golgi body Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to processed proteins after they leave the Golgi complex?

They are moved into the cytosol or transported to the plasma membrane. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the structure of the Golgi body?

Series of flattened membrane-bound sacs Signup and view all the answers

The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum lacks what feature?

Ribosomes on its surface Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the Golgi body in relation to proteins?

It modifies and sorts proteins for delivery. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of the cytoskeleton in cells?

Facilitate intracellular transport of organelles Signup and view all the answers

Which class of cytoskeletal proteins is NOT responsible for positioning the nucleus?

Ribosomal proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ribosomes within a cell?

Synthesize proteins from mRNA Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes fixed ribosomes from free ribosomes?

Fixed ribosomes are attached to the rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Signup and view all the answers

Which cytoskeletal component is primarily involved in transport and mitosis?

Microtubules Signup and view all the answers

What role do actin microfilaments play in a cell?

They provide structural support Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about free ribosomes is accurate?

They can move throughout the cytosol Signup and view all the answers

What is the main composition of ribosomes?

Ribosomal RNA and proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mitochondria?

Generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular process is not typically associated with mitochondria?

Digestion of nucleic acids Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is NOT seen in mitochondria?

Produces lysosomal enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What do lysosomes primarily contain?

Acid hydrolases Signup and view all the answers

Which function is not associated with lysosomes?

Production of ATP Signup and view all the answers

How do lysosomes contribute to cellular health?

By breaking down waste materials Signup and view all the answers

What type of compounds do lysosomes digest?

Most chemical compounds including nucleic acids Signup and view all the answers

Which process is directly facilitated by mitochondria?

Oxidative phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

What structure is responsible for packaging DNA into nucleosomes?

Histone proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which process is essential for ensuring that genetic information is accurately passed to daughter cells?

Cell division Signup and view all the answers

What role do cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) play in cellular functions?

Control cell growth and division Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of dysregulation of growth in cells?

Uncontrolled proliferation and cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the cell cycle?

To coordinate cell division and growth Signup and view all the answers

How does chromatin form from DNA?

By wrapping around histone proteins Signup and view all the answers

What factor can trigger cell division in an organism?

Increased demand for new cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure that carries genetic information within a cell?

Chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

What stages are interphase during the cell cycle?

G1 + S + G2 Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Biology Review 1

Learning Objectives:
- Describe the major structural components of the cell
- Outline the structure and function of the cytoplasm and its organelles
- Explain the structure and function of the cell nucleus
- Outline the process of eukaryotic cell division and its regulation
- Describe the structure and function of the plasma membrane including how transport across the membrane is regulated
- Outline the structural-functional relationships of different cell types

What are Cells?

Structural and functional units of all living things
Prokaryotic cells (bacteria): simple
Eukaryotic cells (animal and plant cells): larger, more complex, have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Viruses are not cells, not living organisms

Eukaryotic Cell Overview

Cell membrane (plasma membrane): outer boundary
Cytoskeleton: gives shape, support, and movement
Mitochondria: produce ATP (energy)
Lysosomes: contain enzymes for digestion
Cytoplasm: all the material inside the cell membrane, excluding the nucleus
Cytosol: fluid portion of the cytoplasm
Golgi Body : modifies, sorts, and packages proteins
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER): protein synthesis
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER): lipid synthesis, detoxification
Ribosomes: protein synthesis
Nucleus: controls cell activities, contains DNA
Nucleolus: site of ribosome assembly
Chromatin: DNA-protein complex

Functions of Cellular Structures

Cell Membrane: Fluid phospholipid bilayer, barrier and regulates transport
Cytoplasm and Cytosol: Cytoplasm is everything inside. Cytosol is the fluid portion with dissolved ions and macromolecules.
Cytoskeleton: Gives shape, maintains polarity, organizes organelles
Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins
Free ribosomes are in the cytosol.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
Rough ER: protein synthesis, ribosomes attached.
Smooth ER: lipid, steroid, and some carbohydrate synthesis; detoxification.
Golgi Body: Processes, packages, and delivers proteins.
Mitochondria: Produces ATP via oxidative phosphorylation
Lysosomes: Digest waste and foreign materials
Nucleus and Nucleolus: Nucleus controls cell activities, contains DNA. Nucleolus assembles ribosomes.
DNA: DNA in chromosomes is wrapped, around histone proteins, becoming nucleosomes, which pack to form chromatin fibers. This condensation makes the DNA much more compact.
Cell Cycle: Cells divide to grow and repair. Cells only divide when genetic material (DNA) has been accurately duplicated. The genetic material is equally distributed between two daughter cells.

Summary of Cell Cycle

Cell cycle is regulated; CDKs regulate cell growth and division. Dysregulation leads to uncontrolled proliferation and cancer.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts in cell biology, including the structure and functions of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. You'll explore the components of the plasma membrane, the organelles within eukaryotic cells, and the process of cell division. Test your understanding of the essential features that define living organisms.