Cell Biology Review Part 1

The major components of a cell, including the cytoplasm, organelles, and nucleus.

The region inside the cell membrane, excluding the nucleus, that contains various organelles with specific functions.

The control center of the cell, containing the genetic material (DNA).

The process by which a eukaryotic cell divides into two daughter cells.

The outer boundary of the cell, regulating the passage of substances in and out of the cell.

Bacteria cells, the simplest type of cell.

Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, like animal and plant cells.

Phospholipid bilayer that surrounds cells and regulates what enters and leaves.

The jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane, excluding the nucleus.

The fluid portion of the cytoplasm, containing water, ions, and molecules.

The powerhouses of the cell, producing energy.

The control center of the cell, containing DNA.

Not cells; not considered living organisms.

A network of protein fibers that provides support, shape, and movement to cells. It also helps organize organelles.

Thin filaments made of the protein actin that are involved in cell shape, movement, and muscle contraction.

Hollow tubes made of the protein tubulin that are involved in cell division, movement, and transport of organelles.

Strong, rope-like fibers that provide structural support and help to position the nucleus.

Small organelles that synthesize proteins based on instructions from messenger RNA (mRNA).

Ribosomes that move freely in the cytoplasm and synthesize proteins for use within the cell.

Ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, producing proteins for secretion or integration into the cell membrane.

A network of membrane-bound sacs and tubules studded with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis and modification.

A network of flattened sacs with attached ribosomes, responsible for protein synthesis.

A network of flattened sacs without ribosomes, involved in lipid, steroid, and carbohydrate synthesis, as well as detoxifying substances.

A series of flattened sacs that process and package proteins.

The Golgi body processes and packages proteins into vesicles for release or use by the cell.

The rough endoplasmic reticulum produces proteins.

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes lipids, steroids, and carbohydrates.

Transport vesicles move proteins from the rER to the Golgi body.

Secretory vesicles release processed proteins from the Golgi body.

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that can change their shape, split (fission), merge (fusion), and move around inside the cell.

Mitochondria have their own DNA, called mtDNA, which is circular in shape.

The primary function of mitochondria is to generate energy (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation.

Besides energy production, mitochondria are involved in programmed cell death (apoptosis), signaling, cell differentiation, and growth.

Lysosomes are responsible for breaking down most chemical compounds within the cell, including nucleic acids, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.

Lysosomes are membrane-bound sacs containing enzymes called acid hydrolases.

Lysosomes break down both substances produced by the cell itself and those taken in from outside.

Lysosomes digest substances that enter the cell through endocytosis (engulfing small particles) or phagocytosis (engulfing large particles like bacteria).

The nucleus is the control center of the cell, responsible for storing and protecting genetic information (DNA) and directing protein synthesis.

The nucleolus is a dense region within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized, a key component for protein production.

DNA molecules are incredibly long and are packaged tightly around histone proteins to form nucleosomes. These nucleosomes further condense into chromatin fibers, allowing the massive amount of DNA to fit within the nucleus.

Cells divide and multiply for growth, repair, and to meet increased demands. This process allows organisms to develop, heal wounds, and maintain tissues.

Before a cell can divide, it must accurately duplicate its entire genetic information (DNA) to ensure each daughter cell inherits a complete set of chromosomes.

The cell cycle is a tightly controlled process, with key proteins called cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) regulating cell growth and division.

If the cell cycle is not properly regulated, it can lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation and the development of cancer.

The image shows the process of cell division, where a single cell divides into two daughter cells.