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# Biology Unit Review **Date:** Nov 29th, 2024 **SNC2D - Aston** **How should I study for the Biology Unit Test?** 1. Read your daily review notes and the corresponding textbook section. 2. Re-visit all the assigned homework questions. Homework questions may appear on the test. 3. Re-write your...

# Biology Unit Review **Date:** Nov 29th, 2024 **SNC2D - Aston** **How should I study for the Biology Unit Test?** 1. Read your daily review notes and the corresponding textbook section. 2. Re-visit all the assigned homework questions. Homework questions may appear on the test. 3. Re-write your study notes. Use cue cards to quiz yourself. 4. Review all quizzes and worksheets. 5. Complete the Unit Review questions: - Chapter 2, p. 65 #1-17, Self Quiz p. 66 - Chapter 3, p. 116 #1-19, self test p. 118 ## Terminology **Definitions for Multiple Choice/Matching:** * **Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote -** A table comparing the two comparing features. | Feature | Prokaryotes | Eukaryotes | |---------------|--------------|-------------| | **Uni or Multicellular?** | Undetermined, may or may not be | Yes | | **Presence of membrane-bound organelles?** | No | Yes | * **Organelle:** A specialized subunit within a cell. * **Cytoplasm:** The material within a cell, excluding the nucleus. * **Spindle fibers:** Microtubules that move chromosomes during cell division. * **Chromosome:** A thread-like structure of DNA that carries genetic information. * **Chromatid:** One of the two identical parts of a copied chromosome. * **Stem cell:** An undifferentiated cell that can differentiate into specialized cells. * **Cell Membrane:** The outer boundary of a cell. * **Nucleus:** The control center of a cell, containing DNA. * **DNA:** Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule of heredity. * **Mitochondria:** The powerhouses of the cell, producing energy. * **Endoplasmic Reticulum:** Network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis. * **Centromere:** Region where sister chromatids are joined. * **Cancer:** Uncontrolled cell growth. * **Tumor:** A mass of abnormal cells. * **Embryonic stem cell:** A stem cell derived from an early embryo. * **Tissue stem cell:** Stem cells in a tissue. * **Smooth muscle tissue:** Muscle tissue without striations, found in organs. * **Mouth:** The oral cavity. * **Esophagus:** Tube connecting mouth to stomach. * **Stomach:** Organ for food digestion. * **Small Intestine:** Organ for food absorption. * **Large Intestine:** Organ for water absorption. * **Liver:** Organ involved in metabolism and detoxification. * **Pancreas:** Organ that produces digestive enzymes and hormones. * **Red blood cell:** Blood cell that carries oxygen. * **White blood cell:** Blood cell that fights infection. * **Platelets:** Cell fragments that help in blood clotting. * **Plasma:** Liquid component of blood. * **Heart:** Organ that pumps blood through the circulatory system. * **Cardiac muscle tissue:** Muscle tissue in the heart. * **Arteries:** Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. * **Veins:** Blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart. * **Asexual Reproduction:** Reproduction without the fusion of gametes. * **Sexual Reproduction:** Reproduction involving the union of gametes. * **Gamete:** Sex cell (sperm or egg). * **Specialized cell:** A cell that has a specific function. * **Organism:** A living entity. * **Alveoli:** Tiny air sacs in the lungs. * **Diffusion:** Movement of substances from high to low concentrations. * **Osmosis:** Movement of water across a membrane. * **Interphase:** Phase in the cell cycle where the cell grows and replicates its DNA. * **Mitosis:** Cell division that produces two identical daughter cells. * **Prophase:** First stage of mitosis, where chromosomes condense. * **Metaphase:** Stage of mitosis where chromosomes align in the middle. * **Anaphase:** Stage of mitosis where chromosomes separate. * **Telophase:** Stage of mitosis where chromosomes decondense, and the nucleus reforms. * **Cytokinesis:** Division of the cytoplasm to form two new cells. * **Organ system:** A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function. * **Diaphragm:** Muscle that aids in respiration. * **Organ:** A collection of tissues performing a specific function. * **Bone tissue:** Connective tissue forming bones. * **Tissue:** A collection of similar cells. * **Ligaments:** Connect bone to bone. * **Cartilage:** Flexible connective tissue. * **Tendons:** Connect muscle to bone. * **Epithelial tissue:** Covers body surfaces and lines organs. * **Connective tissue:** Supports and connects other tissues. * **Central nervous system:** Brain and spinal cord. * **Peripheral nervous system:** Nerves branching from the CNS. * **Neuron:** Nerve cell. * **Cellular differentiation:** Process by which cells become specialized. * **Nerve bundles:** Groups of nerve fibers. * **Cellular respiration:** Process of breaking down glucose to release energy. * **Photosynthesis:** Process plants use to convert light energy to chemical energy * **X-Ray:** Imaging technique using electromagnetic radiation. * **CT scan:** Computerized tomography scan. * **MRI:** Magnetic resonance imaging. * **Biopsy:** Removing tissue samples to examine for disease. * **Genetic Screening:** Testing for genetic disorders. * **Cancer Screening:** Testing to identify potential cancer. * **Cell Wall:** A rigid layer surrounding some cells. * **Chloroplasts:** Organelles that conduct photosynthesis * **Lysosomes:** Organelles that break down cellular waste. * **Ribosomes:** Organelles that manufacture proteins. * **Centrioles:** Cell structures involved in cell division. * **Golgi bodies:** Involved in protein packaging. * **Vacuoles:** Storage organelles. * **Benign tumor:** Non-cancerous tumor. * **Malignant tumor:** Cancerous tumor. * **Metastasis:** Spread of cancer from one site to another. * **Mutation:** Change in the DNA sequence. * **Carcinogen:** Cancer-causing substance. * **Genetic screening:** Testing for genetic disorders. * **Biopsy:** Removing tissue samples for examination. ## **2.1 Plant and Animal Cells** **Cell Theory** 1. All organisms are made of cells. 2. All cells come from pre-existing cells. 3. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells have some common features, including the cell membrane, genetic material, ribosomes, and cytoplasm. A table summarizing the characteristics of prokaryotes and eukaryotes is provided.