Biology Review Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is the correct order of taxonomy from biggest to smallest?

Class (correct)
Family (correct)
Phylum (correct)
Order (correct)
Species (correct)
Genus (correct)
Kingdom (correct)

What is the function of the Cell Wall?

It is a strong layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria.

What does the Nucleus contain?

DNA and RNA, and is responsible for growth and reproduction.

What is the role of Ribosomes?

They are small particles in the cell where proteins are assembled. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Mitochondria known as?

The powerhouse of the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Endoplasmic Reticulum assist with?

It assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the process of Normal Cell Division.

<ol> <li>DNA unwinds and duplicates 2. Chromosomes line up in the center 3. Centromeres separate 4. Chromosomes move to opposite ends 5. A nuclear membrane forms around each new set.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Plant Cells from Animal Cells?

Plant cells contain chloroplasts and vacuoles that are not found in animal cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is Photosynthesis?

The process by which plant cells convert sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into carbohydrates. Signup and view all the answers

What is Respiration in animal cells?

The process by which animal cells turn carbohydrates, water, and oxygen into energy, releasing carbon dioxide as a waste product. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during Mitosis?

One cell makes two identical cells, with equal distribution of nucleus and duplicated chromosomes. Signup and view all the answers

Define Diploid.

A cell with two of each kind of chromosome, represented as 2n. Signup and view all the answers

What is Meiosis?

Cell division that produces reproductive cells, resulting in gametes. Signup and view all the answers

Define Haploid.

An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes, represented as n. Signup and view all the answers

What is DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid, the material that contains inherited characteristics. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during DNA Replication?

The DNA double helix separates, and each strand serves as a template for a new strand, with A pairing with T and C pairing with G. Signup and view all the answers

What is Chargaff's Rule?

Equal amounts of adenine bond with thymine, and equal amounts of guanine bond with cytosine. Signup and view all the answers

What is RNA?

A long linear polymer of nucleotides primarily found in the cytoplasm, where it's associated with protein synthesis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

It aids in protein formation. Signup and view all the answers

What does Transfer RNA (tRNA) do?

Reads mRNA sequences and instructs ribosomes to assemble proteins from amino acids. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between DNA and RNA in terms of sugar?

RNA has ribose (B), DNA has deoxyribose (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between Genotype and Phenotype?

Genotype refers to genetic makeup, while phenotype refers to physical appearance. Signup and view all the answers

What does Homozygous mean?

Having both alleles the same, such as TT or tt. Signup and view all the answers

What does Heterozygous mean?

Having different alleles, such as Tt. Signup and view all the answers

What are Alleles?

Different forms of a gene. Signup and view all the answers

What are Chromosomes?

Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain genes. Signup and view all the answers

What are Genes?

Segments of DNA that code for traits. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Taxonomy

Organizes living organisms into hierarchical categories: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

Cell Structure

Cell Wall: Strong protective layer around cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria.
Nucleus: Contains DNA and RNA, responsible for cell growth and reproduction.
Ribosome: Site where proteins are synthesized; composed of RNA and protein.
Mitochondria: Known as the powerhouse of the cell, produces ATP through cellular respiration.
Endoplasmic Reticulum: Membrane system involved in protein and lipid synthesis, functioning as a transport system within the cell.

Cell Division

Normal Cell Division: Involves unwinding DNA, lining up chromosomes, separating centromeres, distributing chromosomes, and forming new nuclear membranes.
Mitosis: A form of cell division creating two identical daughter cells.
Meiosis: Produces gametes with half the chromosome number; involved in sexual reproduction.

Chromosome Types

Diploid Cells: Contain two sets of chromosomes (2n).
Haploid Cells: Contain one set of chromosomes (n).

Genetics

DNA: Contains genetic information; base pairing rules are A-T and C-G.
DNA Replication: Process where DNA strands separate to form identical new strands based on base pairing.
Chargaff's Rule: States that adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine in equal amounts.
RNA: A single-stranded molecule that plays key roles in protein synthesis, with uracil replacing thymine in base pairing.

RNA Types

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): Assists in the formation of proteins.
Transfer RNA (tRNA): Transfers amino acids to ribosomes according to mRNA sequences during protein synthesis.

Genetic Concepts

DNA vs. RNA: DNA contains deoxyribose and is double-stranded, while RNA contains ribose and is single-stranded with uracil instead of thymine.
Genotype vs. Phenotype: Genotype refers to genetic makeup; phenotype refers to visible traits.
Homozygous: Individuals with identical alleles (TT or tt).
Heterozygous: Individuals with different alleles (Tt).
Alleles: Different forms of a specific gene.
Chromosomes: Threadlike structures that contain genes made up of DNA.

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Test your knowledge with these biology flashcards that highlight key terms and definitions. Covering important concepts such as taxonomy, cell structure, and cellular components, this quiz is an excellent tool for reviewing essential biology topics. Perfect for students at any level seeking to enhance their understanding of life sciences.