6 Questions
Which organelle is responsible for generating energy for the cell through cellular respiration?
Mitochondria
According to Mendel's laws of inheritance, what is the principle that states that alleles of a gene separate from each other during gamete formation?
Law of segregation
What is the term for the process by which water moves through a plant, from the roots to the leaves, and is then released into the air as water vapor?
Transpiration
What is the term for the process by which a new species emerges from an existing one?
Speciation
What is the term for the process by which an organism's genetic information is passed from one generation to the next?
Genetic transmission
What is the term for the beneficial relationship between two organisms, in which one organism receives protection from predators and the other receives food?
Mutualism
Study Notes
Cell Biology
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Cell Structure:
- Plasma membrane: semi-permeable, regulates what enters/leaves cell
- Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance, site of metabolic reactions
- Nucleus: contains DNA, control center of cell
- Mitochondria: generates energy for cell through cellular respiration
- Endoplasmic reticulum: transports and synthesizes proteins
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Cellular Processes:
- Photosynthesis: light-dependent reactions, glucose production
- Cell division: mitosis (somatic cells), meiosis (gametes)
- Cell signaling: communication between cells, hormonal responses
Ecology
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Ecosystems:
- Biotic factors: living organisms, interacts with environment
- Abiotic factors: non-living components, influences ecosystem
- Energy flow: producers (plants) → consumers (herbivores, carnivores)
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Population Dynamics:
- Population growth: exponential, logistic, or declining
- Limiting factors: resources, predators, disease, climate
- Community interactions: competition, predation, symbiosis
Genetics
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Mendelian Genetics:
- Laws of inheritance: segregation, independent assortment, dominance
- Traits: dominant, recessive, incomplete dominance, co-dominance
- Punnett squares: predicting genotypes and phenotypes
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Molecular Genetics:
- DNA structure: double helix, nucleotides, base pairing
- Gene expression: transcription, translation, protein synthesis
Evolution
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Mechanisms of Evolution:
- Natural selection: adaptation, survival, reproduction
- Genetic drift: random events, founder effect, bottleneck effect
- Gene flow: migration, genetic exchange between populations
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Evidence for Evolution:
- Fossil record: transitional forms, geological time scale
- Comparative anatomy: homologous structures, vestigial organs
- Molecular biology: DNA, protein sequence similarities
Microbiology
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Microorganisms:
- Bacteria: prokaryotic, cell wall, diverse metabolic capabilities
- Viruses: infectious particles, host range, replication
- Fungi: eukaryotic, heterotrophic, symbiotic relationships
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Microbial Interactions:
- Symbiosis: mutualism, commensalism, parasitism
- Pathogenesis: infection, disease, host response
- Environmental roles: decomposition, nitrogen fixation, bioremediation
Test your knowledge of biology, from the structure and function of cells to ecosystems and evolutionary mechanisms. Covering topics such as cellular processes, genetics, ecology, and microbiology.
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