Questions and Answers
What term describes the phenomenon where the heterozygote exhibits a mixture of phenotypic characters from both homozygotes?
Which type of gene is known to cause the death of an organism?
What do we call genes that modify the phenotypic effects of other genes quantitatively?
Which diagram is commonly used to predict the outcomes of genetic crossbreeding?
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What term refers to the full set of hereditary material in an organism?
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An organism that has only one copy of each chromosome is referred to as what?
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Which process is characterized by a cell dividing, copying its full genome, and producing genetically identical daughter cells?
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Which law states that genes for different characters are inherited independently of one another?
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What term describes the two sister chromatids connected together in their centromere regions?
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What happens to each chromatid during cell division?
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What type of genetic cross involves contrasting expressions of one trait?
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What is an inherited factor that determines a biological characteristic of an organism called?
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What do you call the two individual genes in a particular gene pair?
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What term is used for a gene pair containing two identical alleles?
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What does it mean when two different alleles are present in a single gene pair?
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Which law states that the probability of two independent events occurring simultaneously is equal to the product of the probabilities of their individual occurrences?
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What is referred to as recombinant DNA or molecular cloning?
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What is the term for a small chromosomal section formed from pinching off?
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What term describes an offspring possessing only maternal chromosomes?
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Which cell type contains diploid numbers of chromosomes?
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Which tilapia species is known for being the most salt tolerant?
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What is the method of chromosomal manipulation where both sets of chromosomes come from the paternal parent?
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Which of the following organisms has the largest recorded diploid number?
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Which synthetic male hormone is used for direct hormonal sex reversal in sexually undifferentiated tilapia?
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In which phase of mitosis do chromosomes align at the equatorial plane?
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Which phase of mitosis involves the separation of sister chromatids?
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What term describes a group of individuals derived from a common genetic origin?
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What is a mating strategy in which a hybrid is crossed with a parental type?
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What is the process by which the chromosome number is reduced from diploid to haploid?
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What term describes the number, size, and shape of chromosomes in a species?
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What is an approach to selective breeding that selects top-performing individuals from a mixed population?
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The area where exchange of material occurs between non-sister chromatids is called?
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Which type of genes have their phenotypic expression determined by the presence or absence of one of the sex hormones?
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Which type of genes have their dominance influenced by the sex of the bearer?
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What describes the relationship between sex determination and the presence of particular chromosomes?
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Which term refers to changes involving the whole genome or the entire set of chromosomes?
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What occurs when one or more chromosomes of the normal set are lacking or characterized by an incomplete genome?
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What refers to any organism in which the number of complete sets exceeds that of the diploid?
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Which occurrence involves polyploids developing from hybrids between different species?
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What does the presence of a section in chromosomes in excess of the normal amount refer to?
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Study Notes
Chromosomal Structures and Functions
- Centromere: Small chromosomal section where constrictions are found, results from pinching off during nuclear division.
- Satellite: Chromosomal component that can exhibit constrictions.
- Chromosome Numeration: Diploid numbers vary across species; organisms may have unique chromosome counts.
Chromosome Counts in Various Organisms
- Protozoa can have a diploid number of 300 or more chromosomes.
- Carp's diploid number is 104.
- Starfish exhibit a diploid count of 36.
- Green algae can possess a diploid number of 20.
Mitosis Phases
- Metaphase: Characterized by the alignment of chromosomes at the equatorial plane.
- Anaphase: The stage where sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
- Interphase: Involves growth and preparation for mitosis.
Meiosis
- Process reducing chromosome number from diploid to haploid during sex cell formation.
Genetic Concepts
- Karyotype: A number, size, and shape assessment of an organism's chromosomes.
- Chiasmata: The points of exchange between nonsister chromatids during crossing over.
- Allele: The inherited factor influencing biological characteristics.
Genetic Crosses
- Monohybrid cross: Examines contrasting expressions of a single trait.
- Dihybrid cross: Analyzes two traits at once.
Gene Interaction and Expression
- Punnett square: A common diagram used for predicting crossbreeding outcomes.
- Codominance: Heterozygotes express phenotypic characters of both homozygotes.
Genetics Terms
- Genome: The complete set of hereditary material in an organism.
- Homozygous: A gene pair with identical alleles.
- Heterozygous: A gene pair with different alleles.
Dominance Relationships
- Dominant lethal: A gene variant that can cause an organism's death.
- Modifier genes: Alter phenotypic effects of other genes.
Chromosomal Mutations
- Inversion: Rotation of a chromosome segment by 180 degrees.
- Translocation: The transfer of chromosome segments to non-homologous chromosomes.
Polyploidy and Aeuploidy
- Polyploid: Organisms with more than two sets of chromosomes.
- Aeuploidy: Characterized by the presence or absence of chromosomes.
- Allopolyploid: Organisms derived from interspecies hybridization.
Tilapia and Selective Breeding
- Methyl testosterone: A synthetic male hormone used for sex reversal in tilapia.
- Mass selection: An approach where top-performing individuals in a population are chosen for breeding.
Genetic Manipulation Techniques
- Transgenesis: Introducing recombinant genes for traits like growth control.
- Androgenesis: Method of chromosomal manipulation involving dual paternal chromosomes.
Additional Concepts
- Heritability: The degree gene contribution to complex traits.
- Mutation: A spontaneous change in gene or chromosome structure.
- Back cross: Mating a hybrid with a parental type for genetic improvement.
Sex Determination
- Genes influencing expression can be sex-limited or sex-influenced.
- The presence of a Y chromosome typically determines male sex in many organisms.
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Description
Test your knowledge on chromosomes, their structures, and the differences between diploid and haploid cells. This quiz covers various biological concepts related to cell types and chromosomal behavior.
