Biology Chapter 2.1 on Cell Cycle and Chromosomes

A type of cell that contains two copies of each chromosome, one copy from each parent.

A type of cell that contains one copy of each chromosome.

The process by which a cell replicates its genetic material and divides into two identical daughter cells.

The phase of the cell cycle where the cell prepares for DNA replication.

The phase of the cell cycle where the cell replicates its DNA.

The phase of the cell cycle where the cell prepares for mitosis, ensuring everything is ready for division.

The phase of the cell cycle where the cell divides into two daughter cells.

A state where cells are metabolically active but not preparing to divide.

The form of DNA in the nucleus during interphase, allowing for access and transcription of genetic information.

The condensed form of DNA that forms during mitosis, facilitating proper distribution to daughter cells.

A crucial checkpoint in the G1 phase, ensuring the cell meets certain criteria before entering the S phase.

The process of replicating the genetic material during the S phase, resulting in two identical sister chromatids for each chromosome.

A checkpoint in the G2 phase that ensures the cell has enough organelles and that DNA replication was accurate.

The process of nuclear division, consisting of four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

The division of the cytoplasm, completing cell division after mitosis.

A critical point in the cell cycle, particularly at the G1/S and G2/M transitions, where the cell checks for errors and damage.

A protein that plays a vital role in recognizing DNA damage and activating checkpoint mechanisms.

Proteins that control the progression of the cell cycle by forming complexes with cyclin-dependent kinases, activating transcription factors.

Enzymes that depend on cyclins for activity and help regulate the cell cycle.

The uncontrolled division of cells, often caused by mutations in vital genes like TP53.

The spreading of cancer cells to distant locations through the bloodstream or lymphatic system.

The first phase of mitosis, where the chromatin condenses, the nuclear membrane dissolves, and centrioles start to form spindle fibers.

The second phase of mitosis, where chromosomes line up at the center of the cell, attached to spindle fibers.

The third phase of mitosis, where sister chromatids are separated and pulled toward opposite poles of the cell.

The fourth phase of mitosis, where the nuclear membrane reforms around chromosomes, chromosomes uncoil, and nucleoli reappear.

The programmed death of cells, limiting the number of times a cell can divide.

The number of times a human cell can divide before undergoing apoptosis.

The ability for cells to differentiate into specific cell types during development.

A type of cell division found in germ cells, leading to gametes (sperm or egg).

The process by which a cell converts its cytoplasm into a new cell wall, often forming new cells in plants.