Biology Quiz on Cells and Tissues

Levels of Organization

• Levels of organization in the body include chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, and organism.

Body Systems Regulating Homeostasis

• Nervous system and endocrine system regulate homeostasis.

Regulating Volume and Chemistry

• The urinary system regulates blood volume and chemistry, eliminates wastes, and maintains electrolyte balance.

Differentiation of Osteoblasts

• Osteoblasts can differentiate into osteocytes.

Feedback Mechanisms

• Negative Feedback: Reverses initial stimulus—for example, cells in the brain sensing a change in blood, triggering the kidneys to regulate water levels.

• Positive Feedback: Reinforces initial stimulus — for example, platelets releasing substances that attract more platelets.

Anatomical Planes and Sections

• Anatomical planes that divide an organ include transverse, frontal, and midsagittal.

Body Cavities

• Visceral pleura and parietal pleura are body cavities that can be described as deep or superficial.

Elements in Body

• Key elements found in the body are Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N), and Oxygen (O).

Radioisotopes in Diagnosis

• Radioisotopes like Iodine are used for diagnostic purposes.

Chemical Bonds and Energy

• A double nonpolar covalent bond is a common chemical bond.
• Oxygen (O2) is a diatomic molecule.
• Kinetic energy is related to the movement of molecules, and enzymes reduce activation energy.

Catabolism and Energy

• Glucose is broken down to pyruvate.
• The process of breaking down glucose is categorized as catabolic and exogonic.
• Catabolism breaks starch into glucose.

Acid-Base Balance

• Substances with a pH less than 7.0 are acids—they release H+ ions.
• The normal pH range in the human body is 7.35 to 7.45.
• A pH of 7.48 is a solution slightly basic than the normal range.

Polysaccharides and Proteins

• Glycogen is an example of a polysaccharide.
• Proteins include antibodies and enzymes.

Cellular Transport and Membrane Structure

• Na⁺-K⁺ ATPase pump transports 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell.
• Phospholipid molecules form a lipid bilayer, with hydrophilic heads facing the extracellular and intracellular fluids.
• Plasma membranes are asymmetrical.
• Glycolipids face the extracellular fluid.

Membrane Protein Function

• Cholesterol stiffens the plasma membrane.
• Carrier proteins transport substances like glucose.

Physiological Responses in Red Blood Cells

• Red blood cells in a 0.9% saline solution do not change.
• Red blood cells in a 9.0% saline solution will shrink (crenate).

Tissues and Components

• Smooth muscle tissue is found in hollow organs and is involuntary.
• Epidermis is avascular (no blood vessels).
• Simple squamous epithelial tissue functions well for diffusion.

Support Structures

• Stroma is the reticular connective tissue in organs such as the liver, lymph nodes and spleen.
• Dense Irregular connective tissue is in the dermis.

Cancerous Conditions and Tissue

• Malignant melanoma is a form of skin cancer that is often deadly.

Connective Tissue Components

• Dense regular connective tissue is found in tendons and ligaments.
• Matrix can be liquid, gel or solid, non-living.
• Cartilage—hyaline is in the ends of long bones; fibrocartilage in intervertebral discs and elastic in ears and nose.

Cell Connections and Junctions

• Cell junctions include Tight and Hemidesmosomes.

Body Functions

• Jaundice is a yellow pigmentation caused by bilirubin.
• Cyanosis is a bluish discoloration from low oxygen (O2) levels.
• Eccrine sudoriferous glands cool the body through perspiration.
• Apocrine sudoriferous glands develop during puberty.

Wound Healing

• Deep wound healing involves inflammation, migration, proliferation, and maturation.

Test your knowledge on key concepts in biology, focusing on cellular transport mechanisms, smooth muscle characteristics, and the structure of epithelial tissues. This quiz covers essential topics that are fundamental to understanding how various tissues function in the body.