Biology Properties of Water and Carbohydrates
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Questions and Answers

What property of water allows it to have surface tension?

  • High specific heat
  • Universal solvent
  • Density anomaly
  • Polarity (correct)

    • Ice is denser than liquid water.

    False

    What are the monomers of carbohydrates called?

    Monosaccharides

    The primary function of proteins includes acting as __________.

    <p>enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the macromolecules with their primary functions:

    <p>Carbohydrates = Provide energy and structural support Lipids = Energy storage and insulation Proteins = Catalysts and structural components Nucleic Acids = Store genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bond forms between two water molecules?

    <p>Hydrogen bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Saturated fats contain one or more double bonds in their fatty acid chains.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a deviation from an enzyme's optimal pH have?

    <p>Denature the enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is involved in ATP production?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All prokaryotic cells contain a nucleus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Synthesizes proteins for export.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids.

    <p>Golgi Apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cell components with their functions:

    <p>Lysosomes = Break down macromolecules Vacuoles = Store substances Chloroplasts = Site of photosynthesis Mitochondria = Site of ATP production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main outcome of glycolysis?

    <p>2 ATP and 2 NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Active transport requires energy to move substances against the concentration gradient.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis.

    <p>Chlorophyll captures light energy for photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the cell cycle, DNA is replicated during the __________ phase.

    <p>S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of the cell cycle with their descriptions:

    <p>G1 Phase = Cell grows and performs normal functions S Phase = DNA is replicated G2 Phase = Cell prepares for division M Phase = Division of nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the Law of Segregation?

    <p>Alleles for a trait separate during gamete formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Crossing over occurs during Meiosis II.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the significance of feedback inhibition in metabolic pathways.

    <p>Feedback inhibition regulates enzyme activity to prevent overproduction of a substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During cellular respiration, the electron transport chain primarily occurs in the __________ of the mitochondria.

    <p>inner membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Properties of Water

    • Water's polarity arises from oxygen's high electronegativity, creating partial negative charges on oxygen and partial positive charges on hydrogen. This allows water to dissolve ionic and polar substances.
    • Hydrogen bonds form weak attractions between the positive hydrogen of one water molecule and the negative oxygen of another.
    • Cohesion: Water molecules stick together, causing surface tension.
    • Adhesion: Water clings to other substances, enabling capillary action in plants.
    • Water has a high specific heat, absorbing and releasing significant heat with minimal temperature change, thus stabilizing environments.
    • Water's polarity makes it a universal solvent, facilitating biochemical reactions in cells.
    • Ice is less dense than liquid water, allowing it to float and insulate aquatic ecosystems.

    Macromolecules

    Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.
    • Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose) are the monomers; polymers include starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
    • Carbohydrates provide energy and structural support, (e.g., cellulose in plant cell walls).

    Lipids

    • Lipids are nonpolar molecules composed of glycerol and fatty acids.
    • They can be saturated (single bonds) or unsaturated (one or more double bonds).
    • Lipids function in energy storage, insulation, protection, and membrane formation (phospholipid bilayer).

    Proteins

    • Proteins are made from amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
    • Amino acid sequence dictates protein structure and function.
    • Proteins exhibit four levels of structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
    • Protein functions include catalysis (enzymes), transport (e.g., hemoglobin), and structural components (e.g., keratin).

    Nucleic Acids

    • Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides.
    • Nucleotides consist of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.
    • Nucleic acids store genetic information (DNA) and assist in protein synthesis (RNA).

    Enzymes

    • Enzymes lower activation energy by stabilizing the transition state.
    • Enzymes show specificity, binding only to particular substrates at their active sites.
    • Factors affecting enzyme activity include pH, temperature, and substrate concentration. Optimal conditions maintain enzyme function, deviations can lead to denaturation.

    Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

    Prokaryotic Cells

    • Lack a nucleus, instead having DNA in a nucleoid region.
    • Have simpler, smaller structures.
    • Examples include Bacteria and Archaea.
    • Lacks membrane-bound organelles.

    Eukaryotic Cells

    • Possess a true nucleus containing DNA.
    • Larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.
    • Contain membrane-bound organelles and are found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

    Organelles and Their Functions

    • Nucleus: Contains chromatin (DNA and protein), coordinating cell functions.
    • Mitochondria: Site of ATP production via aerobic respiration.
    • Chloroplasts (plant cells): Contain chlorophyll, site of photosynthesis.
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
      • Rough ER: Synthesizes proteins for export, studded with ribosomes.
      • Smooth ER: Synthesizes lipids, detoxifies substances.
    • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and sorts proteins and lipids.
    • Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes breaking down molecules.
    • Vacuoles: Store substances; large central vacuoles in plant cells maintain turgor pressure.

    Cell Membrane

    • The fluid mosaic model describes the cell membrane as a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins involved in transport, signaling, and structure.

    Transport Mechanisms

    • Passive Transport: Movement down the concentration gradient (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion).
    • Active Transport: Requires energy (ATP) to move substances against the concentration gradient (e.g., sodium-potassium pump ).

    Cell Communication

    • Signal transduction pathways convert external signals into cellular responses (e.g., epinephrine signaling).
    • Cell communication is crucial for coordinating multicellular organism functions.

    Metabolic Pathways

    • Catabolic pathways: Break down molecules to release energy(e.g., cellular respiration).
    • Anabolic pathways: Build complex molecules using energy(e.g., protein synthesis).

    Cellular Respiration

    • Glycolysis: Occurs in the cytoplasm splitting glucose into pyruvate, producing 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
    • Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle): Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, oxidizing Acetyl-CoA, producing 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2.
    • Electron Transport Chain (ETC): Occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane, using NADH and FADH2 to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

    ATP Yield

    • Cellular respiration yields approximately 36-38 ATP per glucose molecule.

    Photosynthesis

    • Light-dependent reactions, in thylakoid membranes, utilize water splitting to create ATP and NADPH, which are crucial components for the Calvin cycle.
    • Calvin Cycle, within the stroma(chloroplast), uses ATP and NADPH to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.

    Cell Signaling

    • Cell signaling involves reception, transduction, and response. It converts external signals into cellular responses.

    Cell Cycle

    • Interphase: G1 (growth), S (DNA replication), G2 (preparation for division).
    • M phase: Nucleus divides (mitosis); stages are Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
    • Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm divides.
    • The cycle is regulated by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs).

    Cell Cycle Regulation

    • Checkpoints (G1, G2, M) monitor cell cycle events to prevent errors.

    Mendelian Genetics

    • Law of Segregation: Alleles for a trait separate during gamete formation.
    • Law of Independent Assortment: Genes for different traits segregate independently.
    • A test cross determines an unknown genotype experimentally.

    Non-Mendelian Genetics

    • Multiple Alleles: More than two alleles exist for a gene (e.g., ABO blood types).
    • Epistasis: One gene affects the expression of another.
    • Sex-Linked Traits: Traits associated with genes on sex chromosomes.

    Meiosis

    • Meiosis involves two divisions reducing chromosome number and resulting in four genetically unique haploid gametes.

    Mechanisms of Variation

    • Crossing Over: Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.
    • Independent Assortment: Random distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes.

    DNA Replication

    • Initiation: Helicase unwinds DNA.
    • Elongation: DNA polymerase adds nucleotides.
    • Termination: Ligase seals fragments.

    Study Tips for AP MCQs and FRQs

    • MCQs: Focus on relationships between concepts; use elimination.
    • FRQs: Provide evidence-based reasoning; practice concise, complete answers.

    Practice Questions

    • Water's structure supports life because of polarity, enabling cohesion, adhesion, high specific heat, universal solvency, and density anomaly.
    • Active transport requires energy against the concentration gradient; passive transport moves along the gradient.
    • Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are interconnected because the products of one (e.g., glucose, oxygen) are reactants for the other (e.g., carbon dioxide, water).
    • Meiosis produces genetically unique haploid gametes through multiple divisions, including crossing over and independent assortment.
    • The selectively permeable membrane controls substance passage based on size, charge, and polarity via membrane proteins and phospholipids.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the essential properties of water and the basics of carbohydrates. Understanding water's polarity, hydrogen bonding, cohesion, and adhesion is crucial for studying biochemical processes. Additionally, it explores the molecular structure and functions of carbohydrates as vital macromolecules in biology.

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