Biology Chapter: Water, Carbohydrates, and Lipids
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Questions and Answers

What are proteins primarily composed of?

  • Amino acids (correct)
  • Fatty acids
  • Nucleotides
  • Monosaccharides

Which part of the amino acid determines its unique properties?

  • Amino group
  • R group (side chain) (correct)
  • Hydrogen atom
  • Carboxyl group

What can cause the denaturation of a protein?

  • Low temperatures
  • Compatible solvents
  • Normal pH levels
  • Extreme pH or high temperatures (correct)

What is an enzyme's primary function?

<p>Catalyze and speed up chemical reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of macromolecule combines with proteins to form glycoproteins on the cell membrane?

<p>Carbohydrates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

<p>Nucleotides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which base pairs with adenine in DNA?

<p>Thymine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental premise of cell theory?

<p>Cells are the basic unit of life and come from pre-existing cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton?

<p>Structural support and cell shape maintenance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is known for degrading waste within the cell?

<p>Lysosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are proteins primarily synthesized in the eukaryotic cell?

<p>Ribosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the Golgi apparatus in the cell?

<p>Modifying and packaging proteins and lipids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which organelle would you find most of the cell's chromatin?

<p>Nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is part of the endomembrane system?

<p>Golgi apparatus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature distinguishes the rough endoplasmic reticulum from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

<p>Presence of ribosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Cellular respiration and ATP production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

<p>Prokaryotic cells are simpler and do not contain a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups are classified as prokaryotes?

<p>Bacteria and Archaea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes phospholipids to arrange themselves into a phospholipid bilayer?

<p>Phospholipids are amphipathic with hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What model describes the structure of cell membranes?

<p>Fluid mosaic model (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelles are theorized to have originated from independently living prokaryotes?

<p>Mitochondria and Chloroplasts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of structure is the outermost feature of a plant cell?

<p>Cell Wall (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nucleus in a cell?

<p>Storage and organization of information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organelles is surrounded by a double membrane?

<p>Mitochondria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

<p>Carry out photosynthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about vacuoles is true?

<p>Plant cells generally contain a large central vacuole (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a hypotonic solution from a hypertonic solution?

<p>Hypotonic has a lower solute concentration outside the cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is active transport?

<p>Transfer of substances against their concentration gradient requiring energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which direction does water move in a hypertonic solution?

<p>Water leaves the cell causing it to shrink (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines osmosis?

<p>Flow of water through a selectively permeable membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the energy that powers almost all life on Earth originate from?

<p>The sun (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the first law of thermodynamics is true?

<p>Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason that energy transformations increase entropy in biological processes?

<p>Some energy is lost as heat. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes potential energy from kinetic energy?

<p>Potential energy is stored energy, whereas kinetic energy is the energy of motion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structural components do both mitochondria and chloroplasts share?

<p>Circular DNA and double membrane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pigments assist chlorophyll a in photosynthesis by absorbing different light wavelengths?

<p>Carotenoids and chlorophyll b. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main products generated during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

<p>ATP, NADPH, and oxygen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of the oxygen gas produced during the process of photosynthesis?

<p>The splitting of water molecules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of light is least effective for driving photosynthesis?

<p>Green light. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When light excites an electron, which of the following is NOT a potential outcome?

<p>The electron is used to produce glucose. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which products from the light dependent reactions are utilized in the Calvin cycle?

<p>ATP and NADPH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the Fixation step of the Calvin Cycle?

<p>A 6-carbon compound is formed then splits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary energy conversion during the Sugar formation step of the Calvin Cycle?

<p>Reduction of 3-carbon molecules using ATP and NADPH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Regeneration step of the Calvin Cycle?

<p>To regenerate the 5-carbon molecule that accepts CO₂ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does glycolysis take place?

<p>In the cytoplasm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain of Cellular Respiration?

<p>Oxygen (O₂) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do high energy electron carriers play in cellular respiration?

<p>They transfer electrons to the electron transport chain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a chemiosmotic gradient?

<p>A difference in proton (H⁺) concentration across a membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Complete Protein

Contains all essential amino acids in the correct proportions.

Protein Functions

Proteins perform diverse roles, including structural, protective, regulatory, contractile, transport, and catalytic functions.

Amino Acid Structure

Each amino acid has an amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, and a unique side chain (R group).

Protein Structure & Function

The R group (side chain) determines amino acid properties, influencing protein folding and function.

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Protein Denaturation

Loss of a protein's structure and function due to extreme pH or high temperatures.

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Enzyme Function

Enzymes act as biological catalysts, speeding up reactions by lowering activation energy.

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Cell Theory components

All organisms are composed of cells; Cells are the basic functional units of life; All cells come from pre-existing cells.

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Nucleic Acid Monomers

Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are made of nucleotide monomers.

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Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus; eukaryotic cells have complex structures, including a nucleus.

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Prokaryote Groups

Prokaryotes include Bacteria and Archaea.

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Phospholipid Bilayer Formation

Phospholipids form a bilayer due to their amphipathic nature (hydrophobic tails, hydrophilic heads).

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Cell Membrane Model

The fluid mosaic model describes the cell membrane as a flexible layer of phospholipids with embedded proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates.

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Protein Anchoring in Membranes

Hydrophobic regions in membrane proteins interact with the hydrophobic interior of the phospholipid bilayer.

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Cell Wall Location

The cell wall is the outermost layer of a plant cell.

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Endosybiotic Organelles

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are theorized to have originated from independent prokaryotes.

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Endosymbiotic Evidence

Evidence supporting the endosymbiotic theory includes double membranes, circular DNA, and similar ribosomes in mitochondria and chloroplasts to bacteria.

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Cytoskeleton Function

Provides structural support, maintains cell shape, and moves organelles/molecules within the cell.

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Mitochondria Location

Found in eukaryotic cells (animals, plants, fungi).

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Lysosome Function

Digests macromolecules (e.g., breaking down waste/old cell components).

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Chromatin Location

Primarily found within the nucleus.

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Membrane Component Synthesis

Proteins made in rough ER; lipids made in smooth ER.

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Endomembrane System Components

Nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi, lysosomes, and vesicles.

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Golgi Apparatus Function

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins/lipids for transport.

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Mitochondria Function

Produces ATP (cell's energy) through cellular respiration.

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Photosynthesis

The process where plants convert light energy, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen.

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Chloroplast function

Chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis, using sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose, a type of sugar.

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Large central vacuole function

The large central vacuole in plant cells stores water, maintains cell pressure, stores nutrients and waste, and enables rapid cell growth.

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Light-dependent reactions

The first stage of photosynthesis, which uses light energy to produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.

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Diffusion

Net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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Photosynthetic pigments

Molecules that absorb light energy, essential for capturing solar energy in photosynthesis.

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Solute vs Solvent

A solute is the substance dissolved in a solution; the solvent is the substance in which the solute dissolves

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Chlorophyll a

The primary pigment in photosynthesis, absorbing red and blue light.

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ATP

A molecule that stores and releases chemical energy for cell processes.

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Osmosis

Movement of water across a selectively permeable (semipermeable) membrane.

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Hypotonic Solution

A hypotonic solution has a lower solute concentration outside the cell than inside, causing water to move into the cell.

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Energy transformation

The process of changing energy from one form to another.

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Active vs Passive Transport

Active transport requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient, while passive transport does not and moves substances down their gradient.

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Kinetic Energy

The energy of motion

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Potential Energy

Energy stored due to position

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Origin of Earth's Energy

The sun is the primary source of energy for almost all life on Earth.

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Calvin Cycle Inputs

The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

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Calvin Cycle Fixation

Carbon dioxide (CO2) combines with a five-carbon molecule (RuBP) forming a six-carbon molecule.

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Cellular Respiration

The process of converting glucose and oxygen into ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.

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Glycolysis Location

The first step of cellular respiration, glycolysis, occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell.

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CO2 Release Steps

Carbon dioxide is released in the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA and in the Krebs cycle.

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Electron Transport Chain Final Acceptor

Oxygen (O2) is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain of cellular respiration.

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Electron Transport Chain ATP Production

The electron transport chain produces most of the ATP during cellular respiration.

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Chemiosmotic Gradient

A chemiosmotic gradient is a difference in proton (H⁺) concentration across a membrane, enabling ATP creation.

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Study Notes

Water Properties and Bonds

  • Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other.
  • Water's properties (cohesion, adhesion, high heat capacity, lower density as a solid, good solvent) are vital for life and metabolism.
  • Water is the most abundant molecule in cells.
  • The primary elements in living organisms are C, H, O, N, P, and S.
  • Biologically important ions include Fe2+, Fe3+, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, Na+, Cl-, and Mg2+, K+.

Carbohydrates

  • Carbohydrates are composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O).
  • Monomers include simple sugars like glucose.
  • Polymers include polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, cellulose).
  • Carbohydrates are a primary fuel source for cells and play structural roles.
  • Plants store energy short-term as starch, while animals store it as glycogen.
  • Some organisms cannot digest certain carbohydrate polymers (like cellulose) due to a lack of specific enzymes.

Lipids

  • All lipids are hydrophobic (insoluble in water).
  • Types of lipids include fats, sterols, and phospholipids.
  • Lipids function in long-term energy storage, insulation, and maintaining cell membrane fluidity.

Proteins

  • Proteins are composed of amino acid monomers.
  • Polymers of proteins are polypeptides and proteins.
  • Amino acids are classified as essential or non-essential based on the body's ability to synthesize them.
  • Complete proteins contain all essential amino acids.
  • Proteins have various functions, including structural, protective, regulatory, contractile, transport, and catalytic.
  • The R-group of amino acids influences protein structure and function.
  • Protein structure can be affected by environmental factors like pH and temperature.
  • Denaturation is the loss of a protein's structure and function, often caused by extreme pH or high temperatures.

Enzymes

  • Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts to speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.
  • Enzymes function by binding substrates at their active site.

Nucleic Acids

  • Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) store and transfer information.
  • Monomers of nucleic acids are nucleotides.
  • DNA contains adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).
  • RNA contains adenine (A), uracil (U), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).
  • Complementary base pairing (A with T or U, and C with G) is crucial in DNA and RNA structure and function.

Cell Theory

  • Cell theory states that all living organisms are composed of cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Cell Structures

  • Prokaryotes include Bacteria and Archaea.
  • Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus, whereas prokaryotic cells do not.
  • Common organelles found in both plants and animals (or not found in plants):
    • Endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth).
    • Golgi apparatus.
    • Lysosomes.
    • Mitochondria.
    • Ribosomes.
    • Nucleus.
  • Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole, which are not found in animal cells.
  • Mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have originated from independently living prokaryotes.

Cellular Respiration

  • Cellular respiration converts glucose and oxygen into ATP, CO2, and H2O.
  • This process takes place in the cytoplasm and mitochondria.
  • Key steps are glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.

Photosynthesis

  • Photosynthesis converts light energy, water, and CO2 into glucose and O2.
  • This process takes place in chloroplasts.
  • Key steps are the light-dependent reactions (involving water splitting) and the Calvin cycle (involving CO2 fixation).

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Explore the vital properties of water, the structure and function of carbohydrates, and the unique characteristics of lipids. This quiz covers essential biological concepts including hydrogen bonding, carbohydrate composition, and the role of lipids in metabolism. Test your understanding of these foundational macromolecules and their significance in life.

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