Biology: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
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Questions and Answers

During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plane?

  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase (correct)

What is the difference between benign and malignant tumors?

  • Benign tumors are cancerous, while malignant tumors are not.
  • Benign tumors grow uncontrollably, malignant tumors grow at controlled rates.
  • Benign tumors invade other tissues, malignant tumors do not.
  • Benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body, malignant tumors can. (correct)

What is the defining characteristic of apoptosis?

  • It is an uncontrolled cell death.
  • It leads to multiple organ failures.
  • It occurs without causing inflammation. (correct)
  • It triggers a strong immune response.

What is true about stem cells compared to specialized cells?

<p>Stem cells have the ability to become specialized cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During telophase, what happens to the nuclear membranes?

<p>They reform around each set of chromosomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of muscle tissue?

<p>Movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system is responsible for providing oxygen to the blood?

<p>Respiratory System (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does the endocrine system primarily serve?

<p>Regulates body functions through hormone release (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the mitochondria in a cell?

<p>Energy generation through glucose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system is involved in defending the body against pathogens?

<p>Immune System (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key function of the digestive system?

<p>Breaking down food into absorbable nutrients (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure functions as the control center of the cell by housing DNA?

<p>Nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for packaging and transporting molecules outside the cell?

<p>Golgi Body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of the circulatory system?

<p>Lungs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the nervous system?

<p>Controls and coordinates body activities through signal transmission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ribosomes within the cell?

<p>Protein synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of interphase does DNA replication occur?

<p>S Phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system is involved in eliminating waste products from the body?

<p>Excretory System (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular structure is unique to plant cells and is involved in photosynthesis?

<p>Chloroplasts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature differentiates prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

<p>Membrane-bound organelles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure in a cell comprises two centrioles and aids in mitosis?

<p>Centrosome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the reproductive system?

<p>Produces gametes and facilitates reproduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle tissue is responsible for voluntary movements?

<p>Skeletal muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is true for cardiac muscle?

<p>Has intercalated discs connecting cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of stomata in plants?

<p>Facilitate gas exchange (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the xylem is responsible for transporting water?

<p>Tracheids and vessel elements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of phloem in a plant's vascular system?

<p>Transports organic nutrients from leaves to other parts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Smooth muscle is characterized by which of the following?

<p>Non-striated with a single nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is incorrect regarding the function of xylem?

<p>Transports organic nutrients from leaves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main distinction between totipotent and pluripotent cells?

<p>Totipotent cells can form any cell type including extra embryonic tissues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue is specialized for contraction and movement?

<p>Muscle Tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes adult stem cells?

<p>They are multipotent and can differentiate into a limited range of cell types. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of epithelial tissue?

<p>Covering surfaces and lining internal organs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does meristematic tissue in plants enable?

<p>Continuous division of cells for growth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do white blood cells function in the body's defense system?

<p>They heal and fight wounds and infections. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In multicellular organisms, what is the primary advantage of specialization of cells?

<p>It allows cells to perform a greater variety of functions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of multipotent stem cells?

<p>They can differentiate into a wide range of cell types within a specific tissue or organ. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

G2 Phase

The stage in the cell cycle where the cell grows and prepares for division by creating necessary proteins and organelles.

Mitosis

A type of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

Cell Differentiation

The process by which cells become specialized in structure and function, allowing them to perform specific tasks in the body.

Stem Cells

Cells that have the ability to renew themselves and differentiate into specialized cell types.

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Necrosis

Uncontrolled cell death caused by injury or disease, leading to inflammation.

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Prokaryotic Cell

Organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus and other internal organelles. All bacteria are prokaryotic.

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Eukaryotic Cell

Organisms that have a membrane-bound nucleus and other internal organelles.

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Cell Membrane

The outermost layer of a cell that controls what enters and exits the cell.

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

A network of folded membranes involved in protein synthesis and transportation. Ribosomes are attached to its surface.

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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

A network of folded membranes involved in the synthesis and transportation of lipids (fats).

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Cytoplasm

The jelly-like substance that fills the cell and supports organelles. It's involved in nutrient absorption, transport, and processing.

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Mitochondria

The powerhouse of the cell, converting glucose into energy (ATP) for cellular processes.

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Golgi Body

An organelle responsible for packaging and transporting molecules, like a cell's post office.

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Totipotent cell

A cell that can differentiate into any type of cell, including extraembryonic tissues.

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Pluripotent cell

A cell that can differentiate into almost any type of cell, except for extraembryonic tissues.

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Extraembryonic tissues

Tissues that develop from the embryo but do not become part of the embryo itself. Examples include the placenta and the amniotic sac.

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Multipotent cells

A type of stem cell that can differentiate into a limited range of cell types within a specific tissue or organ.

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Skeletal Tissue

The specialized connective tissue that forms the framework of the body.

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Meristematic tissue

A type of plant tissue found in regions of growth, like the tips of roots and shoots. It is made up of cells that divide continuously.

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Nervous tissue

Specialized for communication and control. Made of neurons (nerve cells) and supporting cells.

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Elliptical tissue

The tissue's main function is to protect and secrete substances.

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Connective tissue

Connective tissue provides support and binds different tissues together.

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Muscle tissue

Muscle tissue is responsible for movement in the body.

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Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

The circulatory and respiratory systems work together to deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.

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Digestive and Circulatory Systems

The digestive and circulatory systems collaborate to absorb nutrients and transport them throughout the body.

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Musculoskeletal and Nervous Systems

The musculoskeletal and nervous systems enable movement and coordination.

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Endocrine and Nervous Systems

The endocrine and nervous systems regulate body functions using hormones and signals.

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Male Reproductive System

The male reproductive system produces sperm and facilitates fertilization.

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Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system produces eggs and facilitates fertilization, pregnancy, and childbirth.

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Skeletal Muscle

Skeletal muscle is responsible for voluntary movements, like walking or lifting.

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Cardiac Muscle

Cardiac muscle is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body.

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Smooth Muscle

Smooth muscle controls involuntary movements, such as digestion or blood vessel constriction.

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Stomata

Stomata are small openings on plant leaves and stems that allow for gas exchange.

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Xylem

Xylem transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.

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Phloem

Phloem transports organic nutrients, like sugar, from leaves to other parts of the plant.

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Study Notes

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

  • Prokaryotic cells are unicellular, lacking membrane-bound organelles.
  • Eukaryotic cells are often multicellular, containing membrane-bound organelles.
  • Organelles are small structures within cells with specific functions.

Parts of a Cell

  • Cell Membrane: Controls what enters and exits the cell.
  • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Makes and transports proteins.
  • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Makes and transports fats.
  • Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance holding organelles.
  • Mitochondria: Generates energy (ATP) for the cell.
  • Golgi Body: Packages and releases molecules outside the cell.
  • Cell Wall: Rigid structure supporting plant cells.
  • Centrosome: Produces spindle fibers for cell division (mitosis).
  • Centriole: Produces spindle fibers for mitosis (animal cells).
  • Cytoskeleton: Provides shape and movement.
  • Vesicles: Transport molecules within the cell. Found in both plant and animal cells.
  • Ribosomes: Make proteins, found on the rough ER or in the cytoplasm.
  • Chloroplasts: Capture light energy to make sugar (photosynthesis) (plant cells only)
  • Central Vacuole: Storage for water, waste, and nutrients (plant cells only)
  • Nucleus: Controls cell activities, contains DNA.
  • Chromatin: Long DNA strands forming chromosomes.
  • Lysosomes: Contain enzymes to break down waste (animal cells only)
  • Flagella: Long protein structures for movement (some animal cells)
  • Cilia: Hair-like projections for movement or moving material around the cell (some animal cells)
  • Pseudopods: Used for movement or catching prey (some animal cells)

Life of a Cell

  • Interphase: Cell growth and normal functions.
    • G1 Phase: Cell growth.
    • S Phase: DNA replication (chromosome duplication).
    • G2 Phase: Cell growth and preparation for division.
  • Mitosis: Cell division.
    • Prophase: Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane breaks down.
    • Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the middle of the cell.
    • Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate.
    • Telophase: Chromosomes reach opposite poles, nuclear envelope reforms.
  • Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm, forming two daughter cells. (different in plant vs animal)

Cell Differentiation, Cancer, and Necrosis

  • Cell Differentiation: The process by which cells become specialized.
  • Stem Cells: Self-renewing cells that can become other cell types.
  • Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division and spread.
    • Benign Tumors: Do not spread.
    • Malignant Tumors: Can spread.
  • Necrosis: Uncontrolled cell death due to injury or disease.
  • Apoptosis: Programmed cell death.

Types of Tissues (Animal)

  • Epithelial Tissue: Covers and lines surfaces.
  • Connective Tissue: Supports and binds tissues.
  • Muscle Tissue: Contracts to produce movement.
  • Nervous Tissue: Transmits signals for communication and control.

Types of Tissues (Plant)

  • Meristematic Tissue: For plant growth.
  • Permanent Tissue: Differentiated, specialized cells
  • Secretory Tissue: Produces substances like resins or oils.

Body Systems

  • Circulatory: Transports blood, oxygen, nutrients, and waste.
  • Respiratory: Provides oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
  • Digestive: Breaks down food into absorbable nutrients.
  • Musculoskeletal: Provides support and movement.
  • Nervous: Controls body activities through signals.
  • Endocrine: Regulates body functions with hormones.
  • Immune: Protects against infections and diseases.
  • Integumentary: Protects the body from external damage.
  • Excretory: Eliminates waste products.
  • Reproductive: Produces gametes (sex cells) for reproduction.

Plant Cells

  • Xylem: Transports water and minerals.
  • Phloem: Transports organic nutrients (sucrose).
  • Stomata: Openings in leaves for gas exchange and water loss.

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Explore the fundamental differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in this quiz. Delve into the various parts of a cell and their specific functions, including organelles and their roles. Perfect for biology students looking to test their knowledge on cell structure.

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