Biology Phylogeny and Classification Terms Quiz

Evolutionary history of a species or group of species.

A discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships.

The scientific study of how living things are classified.

<p>The two-part Latinized name of a species, consisting of the genus and specific epithet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A group of similar species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Second part of the scientific name.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Group of genera that share many characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Group of similar families.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In classification, the taxonomic category above order.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In classification, the taxonomic category above class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Named taxonomic unit at any level of the hierarchy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evolutionary history of a group of organisms represented in a branching diagram.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The representation of the divergence of two or more taxa from a common ancestor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor and hence are each other's closest relatives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A branch point within the tree represents the most recent common ancestor of all taxa in the tree.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diverges early in the history of a group and originates near the common ancestor of the group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A branch point from which more than two descendant groups emerge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Domestic cat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coyote and Wolf OR striped skunk and otter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The branching pattern indicates that the skunk and the wolf share a common ancestor that is more recent than the ancestor they share with the cat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Domain, kingdom, phylum, and class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C is different because the branch point results in B and C being sister taxa whereas the other two trees show that C and D are sister taxa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Similarity resulting from common ancestry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Similarity due to convergent evolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Analogous structures that have evolved independently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Analogy because they are not closely related.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homology because they share a common ancestor but are now using the limb for different purposes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Analogy; there is not a close ancestor but both had the same need to fly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B and C because they share similar genes which implies a homologous relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Classification based on common ancestry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All descendants came from one common ancestor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Includes taxa with different ancestors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An evolutionary novelty that is unique to a particular clade.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that includes the species we are studying.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The species we are studying.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Showing presence/absence is basis of a cladistic approach to phylogenetic systematics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Occam's Razor; a principle that states that when considering multiple explanations for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>States that, given certain rules about how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lizard and snake lineages (closest to root), after the shared ancestor, crocodile is the most basal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No, all mammals have hair so it would not be useful to distinguish by this.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can be inaccurate if convergent evolution has happened/ is happening or other complicating factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homology is the result of a speciation event and hence occurs between genes found in different species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homology results from gene duplication; multiple copies of these genes have diverged from one another within a species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When you compare proteins for two species, you can see how they have changed and how they are similar. This allows us to trace it to a common ancestor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This suggests that the evolutionary lineages for 1 and 2 diverged before gene duplication in 1 that produced gene B from A.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Model that uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A molecular clock measures evolutionary time by tracking gene mutations and changes; the clocks act on the assumption that the genes change at a constant rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The clocks are not always accurate and do not always change at equal paces; taxa were slower to diverge than estimated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The transfer of genes from one genome to another through mechanisms such as transposable elements, plasmid exchange, viral activity, and perhaps fusions of different organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The kingdom Monera included bacteria and archaea, but we now know that these organisms are in separate domains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Due to horizontal gene transfer, some genes in eukaryotes are more closely related to bacteria, while others are more closely related to archaea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>patterns of descent</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>phylogenies are useful in a wide range of applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>closely related</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Align comparable DNA sequences and distinguish molecular homologies from coincidental matches between taxa that diverged long ago.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This indicates that we share a more recent common ancestor with chimps than we do with any other living primate species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homologous characters result from shared ancestry. Thus, differences in homologous characters can be used to infer phylogeny.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shared derived characters are unique to particular clades and provide insight into evolutionary history.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Linnaean classification is based on traits, while phylogenetic trees explore relationships through evolutionary descent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Orthologous genes reflect evolutionary history; paralogous genes show mutations across species but do not indicate ancestral connections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1900s</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Molecular clocks assume nucleotide substitutions occur at fixed rates. Limitations include variable rates of change and the impact of natural selection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extensive horizontal gene transfer has occurred throughout the evolutionary history of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic data indicated that many prokaryotes differed as much from each other as they did from eukaryotes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A shared ancestral character.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Choose the tree with the fewest evolutionary changes (DNA or morphology).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mustelidae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A paraphyletic group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lizards are more closely related to salamanders than to humans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wolf.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The homolog has evolved more slowly in mice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evolution toward similar characteristics in unrelated species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more different over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homologous genes are found in many species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A theory that states that certain kinds of prokaryotes began living inside larger cells and evolved into the organelles of modern-day eukaryotes (chloroplast and mitochondrion).</p> Signup and view all the answers