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Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of taxonomy in biology?
What is the main purpose of taxonomy in biology?
- To describe the physical appearance of organisms
- To analyze the behavior of different animals
- To classify and organize living organisms (correct)
- To study the geographical distribution of species
Who is credited with developing the modern system of classification?
Who is credited with developing the modern system of classification?
- Gregor Mendel
- Carl Linnaeus (correct)
- Charles Darwin
- Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Which of the following best describes binomial nomenclature?
Which of the following best describes binomial nomenclature?
- An ancient naming system used for extinct species
- A system that categorizes organisms based on their habitat
- A classification method focusing solely on physical traits
- A two-term naming system for organisms (correct)
What do phylogenetic trees illustrate?
What do phylogenetic trees illustrate?
Which term refers to a scientist who studies taxonomy?
Which term refers to a scientist who studies taxonomy?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of understanding phylogeny?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of understanding phylogeny?
How many kingdoms of life are recognized in the six-kingdom system?
How many kingdoms of life are recognized in the six-kingdom system?
Which two components make up the scientific name in binomial nomenclature?
Which two components make up the scientific name in binomial nomenclature?
What is the primary component that viruses consist of?
What is the primary component that viruses consist of?
Which of the following is true regarding viruses' signs of life?
Which of the following is true regarding viruses' signs of life?
What type of cells do bacteriophages attack?
What type of cells do bacteriophages attack?
In what form does viral genetic material exist?
In what form does viral genetic material exist?
What process describes the immediate symptom-producing cycle of viral reproduction?
What process describes the immediate symptom-producing cycle of viral reproduction?
What distinguishes the lytic cycle from the lysogenic cycle?
What distinguishes the lytic cycle from the lysogenic cycle?
Which of the following best describes the nature of viral genomes?
Which of the following best describes the nature of viral genomes?
What type of viral reproduction leads to a parasitic partnership with the host cell?
What type of viral reproduction leads to a parasitic partnership with the host cell?
What does the term biodiversity primarily refer to?
What does the term biodiversity primarily refer to?
Why is genetic diversity crucial for a population?
Why is genetic diversity crucial for a population?
What happens to biodiversity when a keystone species is removed from an ecosystem?
What happens to biodiversity when a keystone species is removed from an ecosystem?
Which of the following accurately describes ecosystem diversity?
Which of the following accurately describes ecosystem diversity?
What would likely be a consequence of using broad-spectrum pesticides in agriculture?
What would likely be a consequence of using broad-spectrum pesticides in agriculture?
What is a primary advantage of species diversity?
What is a primary advantage of species diversity?
How many species have scientists identified, according to current estimates?
How many species have scientists identified, according to current estimates?
What describes the interdependence of species in an ecosystem?
What describes the interdependence of species in an ecosystem?
Which characteristic is true for organisms in Kingdom Protista?
Which characteristic is true for organisms in Kingdom Protista?
What distinguishes protozoans from algae within Kingdom Protista?
What distinguishes protozoans from algae within Kingdom Protista?
What is a notable feature of slime molds?
What is a notable feature of slime molds?
What is the primary role of algae in aquatic ecosystems?
What is the primary role of algae in aquatic ecosystems?
Which of the following aptly describes the variability within Kingdom Protista?
Which of the following aptly describes the variability within Kingdom Protista?
Which of the following statements about protists is accurate?
Which of the following statements about protists is accurate?
How many species of protists have been identified to date?
How many species of protists have been identified to date?
Which mode of locomotion is not associated with protists?
Which mode of locomotion is not associated with protists?
Which characteristic is used to classify animals based on their complexity?
Which characteristic is used to classify animals based on their complexity?
What percentage of all animal species are vertebrates?
What percentage of all animal species are vertebrates?
Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of animals?
Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of animals?
In animals with bilateral symmetry, what does cephalization involve?
In animals with bilateral symmetry, what does cephalization involve?
Which of the following types of body symmetry can divide an animal into two identical halves?
Which of the following types of body symmetry can divide an animal into two identical halves?
What is primarily stored in the form of glycogen in animals?
What is primarily stored in the form of glycogen in animals?
Which of the following best describes animals that exhibit radial symmetry?
Which of the following best describes animals that exhibit radial symmetry?
What type of tissues are responsible for movement and impulse conduction in animals?
What type of tissues are responsible for movement and impulse conduction in animals?
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Study Notes
Taxonomy
- Science of classifying organisms
- Two main purposes:
- To organize information about organisms
- To understand relationships between organisms
- Taxonomists study this subject
- Uses a system for classifying different organisms
Binomial Nomenclature
- Two terms:
- Genus
- Species
- Both terms are in Latin and genus name is capitalized
Taxonomic Levels (8 Taxa)
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
Phylogenetic Tree
- The history of the evolution of organisms is called phylogeny.
- Shows the evolutionary relationships among various biological organisms
- Based on similarities and differences in their DNA and/or physical structures
Value of Phylogeny
- Solving scientific and practical problems
- Honeybees and pesticide resistance
- Development of drugs
- Saving endangered species
The Six Kingdoms of Life
- Organisms in each kingdom are similar in their cellular structure, methods of obtaining nutrients, and metabolism
Biodiversity
- Variety of life on Earth
- Essential interdependence of all living things
- Scientists have identified more than 2 million species, however tens of millions are not identified.
- Complex interactions among all living things
Three Components of Biodiversity
- Diversity of Genes
- Example: different breeds of dogs
- Genetic diversity is important because it allows populations to adapt to changing environments
- Advantages: Resistance to disease, pests, and environmental changes
- Diversity of Species
- Example: Different types of trees in a forest
- Species diversity allows for ecosystem resilience
- Diversity of Ecosystems
- Example: Different types of habitats in a region
- Ecosystem diversity allows for a wide range of resources and services
Keystone Species
- Species that have a disproportionately large effect on their environment.
- Removing a keystone species can have dramatic consequences for the ecosystem.
Viruses
- Acellular particles
- Found everywhere
- Consists of a core of genetic material and a protein coat (capsid)
- Can only reproduce within a host cell
- Show a sign of life: Ability to reproduce
- Attack bacteria (bacteriophages) or eukaryotes
- Invade cells and use the host cell's machinery to synthesize more of their own macromolecules.
Viral Reproduction
- Lytic Cycle: Immediate disease symptoms
- Attachment
- Entry
- Lysogenic Cycle: Parasitic type of partnership with the cell
Viral Genome
- Consists of either DNA or RNA not contained in a nucleus.
- Can be single-stranded or double-stranded.
- Can be linear or circular.
- Very small = codes only for a few proteins
Kingdom Protista
- Made up of algae, protozoans, slime molds
- Eukaryotes and obtain energy in a variety of ways
- Most are unicellular
- Various modes of reproduction
- Over 100,000 species identified
- Most famous example: Amoeba
Protozoans
- Some resemble animals
- Ingestion of other organisms or absorption of nutrients from the environment
- Others are photosynthetic
- No cell wall
- Modes of locomotion: cilia, flagella, pseudopodia
- Some of the most common parasites in the world
Algae
- Some resemble plants
- Presence of chlorophyll
- No roots, stems, leaves
- Mainly unicellular
- The source of biological energy - aquatic food webs
- Biologists believe that plants evolved from green algae.
Slime Moulds
- Some resemble fungi
- Complex life cycle
- Absorbing nutrients from the environment
- Decomposers
- Reproduce both sexually and asexually (spores, hyphae)
Animal Kingdom
- Most diverse in appearances
- Essential functions:
- Respiration
- Digestion
- Excretion
- Movement
- Reproduction
- Response to stimuli
- Vertebrates make up less than 5% of all animal species.
- 95% of all animal species are invertebrates.
What is an Animal?
- Multicellular
- Heterotrophic
- Eukaryotic
- Store their energy reserves as glycogen
- Animal cells lack cell walls
- Reproduce sexually (most)
- Two types of tissues responsible for impulse conduction and movement: nervous, muscle
Complexity and Advancement
- Classified based on:
- Level of organization and specialization
- Body symmetry
- Germ layers
Body Symmetry
- Radial symmetry
- Bilateral symmetry
Cephalization
- Concentration of sense organs and nervous tissue at the front end of the body.
- Animals with bilateral symmetry usually display cephalization.
Body Cavity Formation
- Most animals have a body cavity (coelom)
- Fluid-filled space between the body wall and the digestive tract.
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