Biology Lab Report 12: Bone Structure

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Questions and Answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Articular Cartilage = Covers the ends of bones in joints Spongy Bone = Lightweight bone with a mesh-like structure Medullary Cartilage = Innermost layer that houses bone marrow Yellow Marrow = Fat storage in bone cavities Compact Bone = Dense outer layer of bone Periosteum = Outer covering of bone Proximal Epiphysis = End of the bone closest to the body Diaphysis = Long shaft of the bone Distal Epiphysis = End of the bone farthest from the body

What is the advantage of melanin granules being located in the deep layer of the epidermis?

Melanin is used to protect the cell's nucleus from UV radiation.

Match the following features with their descriptions related to the microscopic structure of bone:

Spongy Bone = Contains red marrow Compact Bone = Dense layer arranged in osteons Osteon = Basic structural unit of compact bone Periosteum = Outer covering of bone Central Canal = Contains blood vessels and nerves Perforating Canal = Connects central canals Blood Vessels = Supply nutrients to bone Nerve = Transmits pain and sensation Canaliculus = Microscopic canals connecting osteocytes Osteocyte = Mature bone cell

A bone that is platelike is classified as a(n) ________ bone.

Flat Signup and view all the answers

The bones of the wrist are examples of _______ bones.

Short Signup and view all the answers

The bone of the thigh is an example of a(n) ___________ bone.

Long Signup and view all the answers

Vertebrae are examples of ____________ bones.

Irregular Signup and view all the answers

The patella (kneecap) is a special type of short bone called _______ bone.

Sesamoid Signup and view all the answers

The bones of the skull that form a protective covering of the brain are examples of _______________ bones.

Flat Signup and view all the answers

Distinguish between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone.

Diaphysis is the shaft of the long bone while the epiphysis is the expanded portion of each end of the bone. Signup and view all the answers

Describe where the cartilage is found on the surface of the long bone.

Cartilage is found on the epiphysis. Signup and view all the answers

Describe where the periosteum is found on the long bone.

The periosteum is the outer covering. Signup and view all the answers

Distinguish between the locations and tissues of the periosteum and those of the endosteum.

Periosteum is the outer lining while the endosteum is the inner lining. Signup and view all the answers

What structural differences did you note between compact bone and spongy bone?

Spongy bone contains red marrow inside it, and compact bone is arranged in osteons. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the following structures in the long bone:

Distal Epiphysis = End farthest from the body Diaphysis = Shaft of the bone Epiphysis = Expanded ends of the bone Medullary Cavity = Hollow center for marrow Compact Bone = Dense outer layer Spongy Bone = Contains red marrow and provides support Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Major Structures of Long Bones

Articular cartilage covers the ends of bones where they articulate with other bones, reducing friction.
Spongy bone, known for its porous structure, contains red marrow crucial for blood cell production.
Medullary cavity, located within the diaphysis, houses yellow marrow, which stores fat.
Compact bone provides strength and structure, with osteons forming its basic functional unit.
The periosteum, a fibrous membrane, covers bone surfaces and serves as an anchor for tendons and ligaments.
The proximal and distal epiphysis are the ends of long bones, involved in joint formation and articulation.

Function of Melanin in Skin

Melanin granules are situated in the deep layers of the epidermis to shield cell nuclei from harmful UV radiation, thereby protecting DNA.

Microscopic Structure of Bone

Major components include spongy bone and compact bone, differentiated by their density and structure.
Osteons are structural units in compact bone, providing strength and containing central canals for blood vessels and nerves.
Canaliculi are tiny channels that connect osteocytes, facilitating nutrient and waste exchange.

Bone Classification

Platelike bones, such as the skull, fall under the category of flat bones, providing protection.
Wrist bones, classified as short bones, are cube-shaped and facilitate extensive movement.
The thigh bone, or femur, exemplifies long bones, characterized by greater length than width.
Vertebrae, with unique shapes, are classified as irregular bones.
The patella, or kneecap, is categorized as a sesamoid bone, which develops within tendons for mechanical advantage.

Bone Anatomy: Epiphysis vs Diaphysis

The diaphysis is the long, tubular shaft of a long bone, providing structural support.
The epiphysis refers to the expanded ends of the bone, where articular surfaces and joint ligaments attach.

Cartilage and Periosteum Locations

Cartilage is present on the surface of the epiphysis, providing a smooth surface for joint movement.
The periosteum envelops the outer layer of bones, essential for growth and repair.

Endosteum vs Periosteum

The periosteum is the outer lining of bones, while the endosteum lines the medullary cavity and covers internal bone surfaces.

Differences between Compact and Spongy Bone

Spongy bone contains red marrow, vital for hematopoiesis, while compact bone is densely packed and arranged in a system of osteons for strength.

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Description

Explore the key components of bone structure and classification through flashcards in Lab Report 12. This quiz covers terminology related to long bones, including the femur, and discusses the function of melanin in the epidermis. Test your knowledge and solidify your understanding of these essential biological concepts.