Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which type of cell forms the medullary cavity in a fetal bone and removes excess bone at a fracture site?
Which type of cell forms the medullary cavity in a fetal bone and removes excess bone at a fracture site?
- Osteoblast
- Osteocyte
- Osteoclast (correct)
- Osteogenic cells
Primary ossification centers develop in long bones in the __________.
Primary ossification centers develop in long bones in the __________.
diaphysis
Spongy bone differs from compact bone because spongy bone
Spongy bone differs from compact bone because spongy bone
- is found in the diaphysis of long bones, whereas compact bone is found mainly in the epiphyses of long bones.
- does not contain osteocytes in lacunae.
- is composed of many osteons.
- is composed of trabeculae that are oriented along lines of stress. (correct)
____________ run perpendicular to the osteons.
____________ run perpendicular to the osteons.
If the _____ is destroyed, bone would become flexible and unable to resist compression.
If the _____ is destroyed, bone would become flexible and unable to resist compression.
The innermost surface of bone has a lining known as the _____.
The innermost surface of bone has a lining known as the _____.
The structural units of mature compact bone are called __________.
The structural units of mature compact bone are called __________.
Which canals connect lacunae together?
Which canals connect lacunae together?
The main central shaft of a long bone is called the ______.
The main central shaft of a long bone is called the ______.
Which cells participate in the process of bone deposition?
Which cells participate in the process of bone deposition?
Which of the following structures persists for life?
Which of the following structures persists for life?
In bones that have ceased to grow in length, the only cartilage that remains is the ____ on the epiphyses of bones.
In bones that have ceased to grow in length, the only cartilage that remains is the ____ on the epiphyses of bones.
All of the following components are associated with the organic matrix except
All of the following components are associated with the organic matrix except
Bone deposition is performed by ____, whereas bone resorption is performed by ____.
Bone deposition is performed by ____, whereas bone resorption is performed by ____.
Bones that are roughly cubed-shaped are classified as _____ bones.
Bones that are roughly cubed-shaped are classified as _____ bones.
The skull and clavicle form through ________________.
The skull and clavicle form through ________________.
Damage to the _________ in a long bone of a young person might cause the bone not to lengthen properly.
Damage to the _________ in a long bone of a young person might cause the bone not to lengthen properly.
_____ produce new bone tissue by secreting matrix.
_____ produce new bone tissue by secreting matrix.
What tissue serves as the model for bones formed during endochondral ossification?
What tissue serves as the model for bones formed during endochondral ossification?
Osteoblasts become surrounded by the extracellular matrix (ECM) and become trapped within a ____.
Osteoblasts become surrounded by the extracellular matrix (ECM) and become trapped within a ____.
Bone is considered an important storage reservoir for ________________.
Bone is considered an important storage reservoir for ________________.
The main minerals bone stores are ____________________.
The main minerals bone stores are ____________________.
Bones located within a tendon are classified as _____ bones.
Bones located within a tendon are classified as _____ bones.
What structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length?
What structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length?
________ forms bone from within a model of hyaline cartilage.
________ forms bone from within a model of hyaline cartilage.
The secondary ossification center in a long bone is located at the ____.
The secondary ossification center in a long bone is located at the ____.
____ is the internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones.
____ is the internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones.
Thin, broad bones are classified as __________.
Thin, broad bones are classified as __________.
______ is the process of bone formation.
______ is the process of bone formation.
All the following events occur during intramembranous ossification except
All the following events occur during intramembranous ossification except
Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?
Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?
The ________ is the enlarged, rounded end of a long bone.
The ________ is the enlarged, rounded end of a long bone.
Bone cells that are surrounded by bone matrix and are located within lacunae are ____.
Bone cells that are surrounded by bone matrix and are located within lacunae are ____.
Bones perform all the following functions except ______________.
Bones perform all the following functions except ______________.
The canal that runs through the core of each osteon is the site of _______________.
The canal that runs through the core of each osteon is the site of _______________.
The function of yellow bone marrow is __________.
The function of yellow bone marrow is __________.
Spongy bone is made up of a branching framework called ____.
Spongy bone is made up of a branching framework called ____.
Which sequence is correct for the development of mature bone cells?
Which sequence is correct for the development of mature bone cells?
Which of the following sequences correctly lists the order of events that occur during fracture healing?
Which of the following sequences correctly lists the order of events that occur during fracture healing?
Bone remodeling involves all of the following factors except:
Bone remodeling involves all of the following factors except:
What hormone promotes an increase in the activity of osteoclasts?
What hormone promotes an increase in the activity of osteoclasts?
A patient shows up in the emergency department with the end of the bone protruding through his skin. What type of fracture does he have?
A patient shows up in the emergency department with the end of the bone protruding through his skin. What type of fracture does he have?
Which of the following sequences correctly lists the order of events that occur during fracture healing?
Which of the following sequences correctly lists the order of events that occur during fracture healing?
A greenstick fracture occurs primarily in __________.
A greenstick fracture occurs primarily in __________.
Bone resorption requires the activity of __________.
Bone resorption requires the activity of __________.
A ____ fracture results when the bone is shattered into multiple fragments.
A ____ fracture results when the bone is shattered into multiple fragments.
For a person who starts running for exercise, __________.
For a person who starts running for exercise, __________.
What hormone promotes an increase in the activity of osteoclasts?
What hormone promotes an increase in the activity of osteoclasts?
Appositional growth produces __________.
Appositional growth produces __________.
As a result of males producing more testosterone at puberty, __________.
As a result of males producing more testosterone at puberty, __________.
Within the epiphyseal plate, which zone houses actively dividing cartilage cells in their lacunae?
Within the epiphyseal plate, which zone houses actively dividing cartilage cells in their lacunae?
Which of the following statements about bone remodeling is false?
Which of the following statements about bone remodeling is false?
Which hormone, produced by the thyroid gland, works opposite to parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Which hormone, produced by the thyroid gland, works opposite to parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
In blood calcium levels rise above normal, osteoclast activity is inhibited by the hormone ___.
In blood calcium levels rise above normal, osteoclast activity is inhibited by the hormone ___.
Blood cells are made in the red bone marrow of bones, a process known as __________.
Blood cells are made in the red bone marrow of bones, a process known as __________.
Thin, broad bones are classified as __________.
Thin, broad bones are classified as __________.
What structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length?
What structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length?
Which cells participate in the process of bone deposition?
Which cells participate in the process of bone deposition?
Which canals connect lacunae together?
Which canals connect lacunae together?
The predominant ingredient of the inorganic matrix is calcium salts, with the majority existing as large molecules of hydroxyapatite crystals.
The predominant ingredient of the inorganic matrix is calcium salts, with the majority existing as large molecules of hydroxyapatite crystals.
What type of bone growth do you think a 40-year-old male experiences?
What type of bone growth do you think a 40-year-old male experiences?
What tissue serves as the model for bones formed during endochondral ossification?
What tissue serves as the model for bones formed during endochondral ossification?
Which of the following persists for life?
Which of the following persists for life?
Appositional growth produces __________.
Appositional growth produces __________.
As a result of the increase of testosterone at puberty for males, __________.
As a result of the increase of testosterone at puberty for males, __________.
Appositional growth is a type of bone growth that new circumferential __________________ are formed.
Appositional growth is a type of bone growth that new circumferential __________________ are formed.
In endochondral ossification ___________________ accelerates the closure of the __________________________.
In endochondral ossification ___________________ accelerates the closure of the __________________________.
Epiphyseal line is the appearance of structure that signals the end of __________________________________
Epiphyseal line is the appearance of structure that signals the end of __________________________________
Epiphyseal plate is a layer of __________________ cartilage when _____________________ growth occurs at the long bone.
Epiphyseal plate is a layer of __________________ cartilage when _____________________ growth occurs at the long bone.
Longitudinal growth is a proliferation of cells in the ____________________ promotes bone growth.
Longitudinal growth is a proliferation of cells in the ____________________ promotes bone growth.
Bone resorption requires the activity of __________.
Bone resorption requires the activity of __________.
Bone growth and remodeling depends on adequate intake of __________.
Bone growth and remodeling depends on adequate intake of __________.
What hormone promotes an increase in the activity of osteoclasts?
What hormone promotes an increase in the activity of osteoclasts?
Study Notes
Bone Structure and Types of Cells
- Osteoclasts form the medullary cavity in fetal bones and remove excess bone at fracture sites.
- Osteoblasts build new bone tissue and play a key role in bone deposition.
- Osteocytes reside in lacunae and maintain the bone matrix.
- Osteogenic cells are precursors to osteoblasts.
Bone Development
- Primary ossification centers develop in the diaphysis of long bones.
- Endochondral ossification involves replacing hyaline cartilage with bone.
- Intramembranous ossification occurs in flat bones like the skull and clavicle.
Bone Composition
- Bone is composed of an organic matrix (collagen, proteoglycans) and inorganic matrix (hydroxyapatite).
- Inorganic matrix destruction leads to flexible bone that lacks compressive strength.
- Bone stores calcium, phosphate, and lipids.
Bone Anatomy
- The diaphysis is the main central shaft of a long bone.
- The epiphysis is the rounded end of a long bone.
- Trabeculae are the structural units of spongy bone, oriented along lines of stress.
- Osteons are structural units of compact bone, with a central canal housing blood vessels.
Growth and Remodeling
- Appositional growth increases bone width; longitudinal growth occurs at the epiphyseal plate, which is made of hyaline cartilage.
- Bone remodeling is a continuous process influenced by stress, hormones, and nutrition.
- Osteoclasts perform bone resorption, while osteoblasts engage in bone deposition.
Fractures and Healing
- A compound fracture features bone protruding through the skin, whereas closed fractures do not.
- The healing sequence involves hematoma formation, soft callus development, hard callus formation, and remodeling.
Hormonal Regulation
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases osteoclast activity, promoting bone resorption.
- Calcitonin, produced by the thyroid gland, inhibits osteoclast activity when blood calcium levels are high.
- Estrogen and testosterone influence bone density, with testosterone increasing appositional growth during puberty.
Zones of the Epiphyseal Plate
- The zone of proliferation houses actively dividing cartilage cells, contributing to lengthwise growth.
- The arrival of testosterone accelerates epiphyseal plate closure, signaling an end to long bone growth.
Nutritional Requirements
- Adequate intake of calcium, vitamin C, and vitamin K is essential for healthy bone growth and remodeling.
Summary of Bone Functions
- Bones provide structural support, protect vital organs, facilitate movement, store minerals, and house blood cell production (hematopoiesis).
- Thin, broad bones are classified as flat bones, while cubed-shaped bones are classified as short bones.
- The diploë is the internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones, acting as a shock absorber.
Key Terms
- Osteon, trabeculae, lacunae, canaliculi, epiphyseal plate, ossification, resorption, deposition, hematopoiesis, intramembranous vs. endochondral ossification.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the structure and types of cells in bone tissue, the development processes of bones, and their composition. This quiz covers essential concepts such as ossification and the roles of different bone cells.
