Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
Which cells in the pancreas secrete glucagon?
What is the role of GLP-1 in glucose regulation?
What is a common adverse effect of insulin therapy?
What is the onset time for rapid-acting insulin like Apidra® or Humalog®?
Signup and view all the answers
Which insulin type has the longest duration of action?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of insulin in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Which route of administration is NOT typically used for insulin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which insulin type is considered intermediate-acting?
Signup and view all the answers
Which area of the body provides the most rapid absorption of insulin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which insulin preparation should be gently rolled between the hands before administration?
Signup and view all the answers
Which insulin product is known for its unique formulation of insulin degludec?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the standard starting dose for initiating basal insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which insulin combination consists of 70% NPH and 30% regular insulin?
Signup and view all the answers
Identify the inhaled insulin product among the following options.
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of insulin is classified as long-acting and suitable for basal therapy?
Signup and view all the answers
What hormone does the pancreas release to increase blood glucose levels during hypoglycemia?
Signup and view all the answers
Which is the primary mechanism of action for GLP-1 agonists in managing type 2 diabetes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a notable cardiovascular benefit associated with the use of GLP-1 agonists?
Signup and view all the answers
Which GLP-1 agonist is derived from the saliva of the gila monster?
Signup and view all the answers
Which GLP-1 agonist is available in both injectable and oral formulations?
Signup and view all the answers
Which GLP-1 agonist serves both as a GLP-1 receptor agonist and a GIP receptor agonist?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the typical dosing schedule for long-acting insulin such as insulin glargine?
Signup and view all the answers
Which insulin product should specifically not be mixed with other insulin products?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of insulin on adipose tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the onset time for regular insulin when administered subcutaneously?
Signup and view all the answers
Which insulin type is most appropriate for use in insulin pumps?
Signup and view all the answers
Which insulin type is primarily utilized in insulin pumps?
Signup and view all the answers
Which insulin product must be rolled before administration to ensure proper mixing?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary benefit of using combination insulin products?
Signup and view all the answers
Which GLP-1 agonist is most effective for weight reduction?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the maximum daily dose for insulin glargine pens?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication can serve as an alternative to mealtime insulin in type 2 diabetes management?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the typical duration of action for rapid-acting insulin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which GLP-1 agonist is administered once a week?
Signup and view all the answers
Which insulin product can be administered intravenously?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a primary advantage of using inhaled insulin?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of pramlintide in diabetes management?
Signup and view all the answers
Which adverse effect is most significant with insulin therapy?
Signup and view all the answers
Which hormone increases blood glucose levels?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a contraindication for using inhaled insulin?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Pancreas and Hormones
- Alpha cells in the pancreas secrete glucagon, which increases blood glucose levels.
- GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-1) stimulates beta cells to secrete insulin, enhancing glucose regulation.
Insulin Therapy
- A common adverse effect of insulin therapy is hypoglycemia, which results from low blood sugar levels.
- Rapid-acting insulin, such as Apidra® or Humalog®, has an onset time of 10-30 minutes.
- Insulin glargine has the longest duration of action among insulin types.
- Insulin's primary function is to increase glucose storage as glycogen.
- Intramuscular injection is not a typical route for insulin administration.
Injection Techniques and Effects
- Repeated insulin injections at the same site may cause lipohypertrophy, an increase in fat tissue.
- NPH insulin is classified as intermediate-acting insulin.
- The abdomen provides the fastest absorption site for insulin.
Insulin Administration
- Regular insulin is recommended for continuous intravenous infusion in severe hyperglycemia cases.
- NPH insulin should be rolled gently between the hands before use to ensure proper mixing.
- Tresiba® (insulin degludec) has the longest duration of action, lasting up to 42 hours.
Dosing and Combination Products
- The starting dose for basal insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes is 0.1-0.2 units/kg at bedtime.
- Novolin 70/30 is a combination insulin product, containing 70% NPH and 30% regular insulin.
- Afrezza® is the inhaled form of insulin therapy.
Insulin Types and Functions
- Long-acting insulin is categorized as basal insulin therapy, providing steady glucose control.
- Glucagon is released by the pancreas in response to hypoglycemia to elevate blood glucose levels.
GLP-1 Agonists
- GLP-1 agonists primarily increase insulin secretion and reduce hepatic glucose production.
- A cardiovascular benefit of GLP-1 agonists is a decrease in blood pressure.
- Exenatide (Byetta®) is a GLP-1 agonist derived from the saliva of the gila monster.
- Semaglutide is available in both injectable and oral forms.
- Common side effect of GLP-1 agonists includes weight loss, while pancreatitis serves as a primary contraindication for their use.
GLP-1 Agonists and Insulin Therapy
- Tirzepatide (Mounjaro®) is unique for acting as both a GLP-1 receptor agonist and a GIP receptor agonist.
- Long-acting insulin like insulin glargine is typically dosed once daily.
- Insulin glargine must not be mixed with other insulin products to prevent inactivation.
Insulin Effects and Administration
- Insulin increases triglyceride storage in adipose tissue, promoting fat retention.
- Regular insulin has an onset time of 30-60 minutes when given subcutaneously.
- Insulin aspart is recommended for use in insulin pumps due to its rapid action.
- NPH insulin has a milky appearance and requires rolling before administration.
Insulin and Diabetes Management
- Combination insulin products reduce the need for multiple injections, enhancing convenience for patients.
- GLP-1 agonists can serve as alternatives to mealtime insulin for type 2 diabetes management.
- Rapid-acting insulin usually lasts 3-5 hours in the body.
Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion (CSII)
- CSII devices provide flexibility in daily insulin administration, allowing for better lifestyle integration.
- Insulin aspart is the most commonly used insulin type in insulin pumps.
Weight Management and Administration
- Semaglutide is associated with the greatest weight reduction among GLP-1 agonists.
- The maximum daily dose for insulin glargine pens is 80 units.
- Dulaglutide is known for its once-weekly dosing schedule among GLP-1 agonists.
Intravenous Insulin and Alternative Products
- Only regular insulin can be used intravenously for diabetes management.
- Inhaled insulin (Afrezza®) is beneficial as it avoids the need for injections, improving patient compliance.
Role of Pramlintide
- Pramlintide (Symlin®) primarily slows gastric emptying, complementing insulin therapy for better glucose control.
Insulin Therapy Risks and Benefits
- The most significant adverse effect of insulin therapy is hypoglycemia, which must be closely monitored.
- Glucagon, released by the pancreas, acts to raise blood glucose levels.
Contraindications and Duration of Action
- Inhaled insulin is contraindicated in asthma patients due to respiratory risks.
- NPH insulin has a duration of action of 12-24 hours, making it suitable for intermediate needs.
Cardiovascular Benefits
- Liraglutide has shown additional benefits by reducing cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes patients.
- Insulin therapy is indicated for conditions such as Type 1 diabetes, indicating its essential role in managing this condition.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz covers the secretion of hormones in the pancreas, specifically focusing on glucagon and the role of GLP-1 in glucose regulation. Test your knowledge on cellular functions and the effects of insulin therapy. Perfect for students studying biology or medicine.
