Biology Chapter on Stem Cells and Tumors

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of stem cells?

  • To replicate and maintain the overall cell count in the body.
  • To transport nutrients and oxygen throughout the body.
  • To differentiate into specialized cells with specific functions. (correct)
  • To trigger the immune response in the body.

Which of the following is NOT a type of adult stem cell?

  • Epithelial stem cells
  • Hematopoietic stem cells
  • Totipotent stem cells (correct)
  • Mesenchymal stem cells

Which of the following is NOT considered a non-cancerous tumor?

  • Molluscum contagiosum
  • Epulis
  • Melanoma (correct)
  • Keratoacanthoma

What is metaplasia, as described in the text?

<p>The transformation of one fully differentiated cell type into another fully differentiated cell type. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic that distinguishes a neoplasm from a normal tissue growth?

<p>A neoplasm grows uncontrollably even after the stimulus that initiated growth is removed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of metaplasia, as mentioned in the text?

<p>A deficiency of vitamin A. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ectropion, also known as cervical erosion, is a condition characterized by:

<p>The transformation of glandular epithelium into squamous epithelium. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of metaplasia occurs in the covering epithelium?

<p>Squamous cell metaplasia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements accurately describes the difference between a hamartoma and a choristoma?

<p>Hamartomas are composed of normal tissues in an abnormal amount, while choristomas are composed of normal tissues in an abnormal location. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of metaplasia mentioned in the text?

<p>Hematopoietic metaplasia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of metaplasia of connective tissue?

<p>Myositis ossificans traumatica (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between dysplasia and metaplasia?

<p>Dysplasia involves changes in cell size and shape, while metaplasia involves changes in cell function. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can metaplasia be considered an adaptive process?

<p>It allows cells to better adapt to new environmental conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for a benign tumor of fibrous tissue?

<p>Fibroma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for a malignant tumor arising from skeletal muscle cells?

<p>Rhabdomyosarcoma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of a neoplasm?

<p>Autonomous growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of a benign tumor?

<p>Well-defined borders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms refers to a tumor that projects above a mucosal surface?

<p>Polyp (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of a sarcoma?

<p>Originates from mesenchymal tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of malignant tumor?

<p>Chondrosarcoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for a benign tumor of glandular tissue?

<p>Adenoma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is a benign, focal malformation in the tissue of its origin, characterized by an abnormal amount of normal tissue?

<p>Hamartoma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of metaplasia can be observed in the endometrium, often associated with hyperestrogenism?

<p>Squamous metaplasia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements best describes the difference between a tumor and a neoplasm?

<p>A tumor is a mass of tissue, while a neoplasm is a mass of tissue that grows excessively. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these conditions is an example of metaplasia of connective tissue that can turn into cartilage or bone?

<p>Myositis ossificans traumatica (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a FALSE statement regarding the difference between benign and malignant tumors?

<p>Benign tumors are always encapsulated, while malignant tumors are never encapsulated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for a benign tumor of cartilage?

<p>Chondroma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms describes a tumor that projects above a mucosal surface?

<p>Polyp (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tumor is characterized by malignant cells from blood vessels?

<p>Angiosarcoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms denotes a benign tumor of fibrous tissue?

<p>Fibroma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tumor is characterized by malignant cells from glandular tissue?

<p>Adenocarcinoma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic that distinguishes a neoplasm from a normal tissue growth?

<p>Neoplasms have an uncoordinated and excessive rate of growth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general term for a malignant tumor that originates in epithelial tissue?

<p>Carcinoma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A tumor with finger-like projections is called a...

<p>Papilloma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these tissue-type switching variations is considered an abnormal transition?

<p>Embryonic stem (ES) transformation (A), Dysplasia (B), Transdifferentiation (C), Metaplasia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary cause of squamous cell metaplasia?

<p>Deficiency of vitamin A (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of glandular metaplasia?

<p>Appearance of goblet cells in bladder epithelium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of metaplasia?

<p>The replacement of one mature cell type by another (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is considered a local cause of metaplasia?

<p>Chronic inflammation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what circumstances can metaplasia be considered a beneficial process?

<p>When it helps the tissue adapt to new conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of metaplasia is observed in the stomach during chronic gastritis?

<p>Glandular metaplasia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of metaplasia?

<p>It is associated with changes in DNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Neoplasia

The process of abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth, which can lead to tumors.

Stem Cells

Undifferentiated cells capable of developing into specialized cell types, including totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent.

Totipotent

Stem cells that can develop into any cell type, including all embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues.

Pluripotent

Stem cells that can become almost any cell type but not extra-embryonic tissue.

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Metaplasia

The transformation of one type of fully mature tissue into another type, often due to stress or irritation.

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Causes of Metaplasia

Can be systemic (e.g., vitamin A deficiency) or local (e.g., chronic inflammation, hormonal changes).

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Squamous Cell Metaplasia

A type of metaplasia where cylindrical or glandular epithelium transforms into a squamous epithelium.

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Epithelial Metaplasia

Metaplasia involving changes in epithelial tissues, such as in the bladder or stomach.

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Barret’s esophagus

A condition where esophageal lining changes to columnar epithelium due to acid exposure.

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Cervical ectropion

A condition where endocervical columnar epithelium protrudes and transforms into stratified squamous epithelium.

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Squamous metaplasia

Change from one cell type to stratified squamous epithelium, often due to irritation.

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Hamartoma

A benign mass with an abnormal amount of normal tissue in its origination area.

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Choristoma

A benign tumor containing normal tissue in abnormal locations.

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Benign tumors

Non-cancerous tumors that do not spread to other parts of the body.

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Malignant tumors

Cancerous tumors that can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body.

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Carcinoma

A type of malignant tumor that arises from epithelial tissue.

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Sarcoma

A malignant tumor that arises from mesenchymal tissues such as bone or muscle.

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Adenocarcinoma

A malignant tumor formed from glandular structures in epithelial tissue.

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Rhabdomyosarcoma

A malignant tumor of skeletal muscle cells.

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Ectropion

Cervical condition where columnar epithelium protrudes through the cervical os, leading to squamous metaplasia.

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Differentiation

The process by which stem cells develop into specific cell types with distinct functions.

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Multipotent

Stem cells that can develop into a limited range of cell types, typically within a specific tissue lineage.

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Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Multipotent stem cells from bone marrow that give rise to blood cells.

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Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Adult stem cells from bone marrow that can differentiate into various cell types including bone and fat cells.

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Metaplasia Types

Different forms of tissue transformation, such as epithelial metaplasia and glandular metaplasia.

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Systemic Causes of Metaplasia

Factors like vitamin A deficiency that can lead to tissue transformation throughout the body.

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Chronic Inflammation

A prolonged inflammatory response that can lead to changes in tissue, including metaplasia.

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Adaptive Metaplasia

A beneficial type of metaplasia that helps tissues adjust to new environmental conditions.

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Chondroma

A benign tumor made of cartilaginous tissue.

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Fibroma

A benign tumor made of fibrous tissue.

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