Cancer Stem Cells: Characteristics and Propagation

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary capability of a stem cell?

Replicate into multiple fertilized egg cells
Lose developmental capacity progressively
Differentiate into different kinds of specialized cells (correct)
Undergo mitosis to form specialized cells

What is the function of stem cell self-renewal?

Maintains the stem cell pool (correct)
Loses developmental capacity progressively
Forms specialized cells through mitosis
Undergoes embryogenesis to form a complete organism

Why are stem cells needed for renewal in the body?

Specialized cells cannot undergo mitosis (correct)
Embryogenesis leads to a loss of developmental capacity
Stem cells lose their differentiation capability over time
Liver cells and T-cells are exceptions

Where are embryonic stem cells classified based on?

Their potential to differentiate into various cell types (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of cancer stem cells (CSCs)?

They are capable of self-renewal, differentiation, and tumorigenicity when transplanted into an animal host (B) Signup and view all the answers

In which types of cancers have CSCs been identified?

Breast, colon, leukemia, prostate, melanoma, pancreatic cancer, and some malignant brain tumors (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential necessity for cancer cure?

Eliminating CSCs (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of pluripotent stem cells?

They have great therapeutic potential but are technically challenging (A) Signup and view all the answers

What can iPS cells be differentiated into?

Various specialized cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does therapeutic cloning produce?

Clonal embryo for stem cell generation (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does pre-implantation genetic diagnosis and selection allow couples to do?

Have a child free of genetic diseases (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of recombinant DNA technology?

Cloning genes from an organism (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of cloning in the context of the text?

To mass produce organisms with desired qualities (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Dolly the sheep's cloning?

It demonstrated the potential for cloning endangered species (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about cloning addressed in the text?

Clones are always carbon copies of the original (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are some risks associated with cloning according to the text?

Changes in the normal activation of certain genes (D) Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the first cloned human embryos created by Advanced Cell Technology in 2001?

They were established as a cell line for further research (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the potential applications of reproductive cloning mentioned in the text?

Replacing lost family pets (D) Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the early successes in human cloning according to the text?

Claim of first human cloned blastocyst and establishment of a cell line (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is considered potentially dangerous and ethically irresponsible in the context of cloning according to the text?

Cloning humans at this time (B) Signup and view all the answers

"Gurdon's experiment: cloning a frog via nuclear transfer" was awarded which prestigious prize?

"Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine" (A) Signup and view all the answers

What application is NOT mentioned for reproductive cloning?

Creating genetically modified organisms for human transplants (B) Signup and view all the answers

What animal did Idaho Gem, the world's first cloned mule, take after?

Champion racing mule called Taz (A) Signup and view all the answers

What risk was reported by researchers at the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research in Cambridge, Massachusetts, related to cloned mice?

Compromised genomes and abnormal gene function (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are embryonic stem (ES) cells?

Stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the microenvironment around stem cells known as?

Stromal niche (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stem cells function to renew and repair tissues?

Mesenchymal stem cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

What can ES cells give rise to?

Teratomas (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of stem cells have been used in medicine since 1968, notably in bone marrow transplants?

Adult stem cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential applications of ES cells in biomedical research?

Study of early human development and its disorders (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is cord blood rich in?

Stem cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

What do tissue stem cells such as neural stem cells function to do?

Renew and repair tissues (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of adult stem cells used for human disease treatment?

Bone marrow (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are teratomas?

Disorganized growths of various cell types (A) Signup and view all the answers

What can cord blood be used for?

Source of stem cells for transplantations (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of tissue stem cells like neural and mesenchymal stem cells?

To renew and repair tissues (A) Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, a very early embryo.
The blastocyst consists of the inner cell mass and the outer layer of cells (trophectoderm).
ES cells are grown in labs by providing them with nutrient-rich fluids and allowing them to differentiate into various cell types.
ES cells can give rise to teratomas, which are disorganized growths of various cell types, but they cannot generate a body plan on their own.
Understanding the microenvironment around stem cells, or "stem cell niches," is essential for their self-renewal and differentiation.
Stem cells can be derived from human ES cells in vitro and can develop into nerve, astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, hematopoietic stem cells, insulin-producing cells, cardiomyocytes, and hepatocytes, among others.
ES cells have potential applications in biomedical research, including the study of early human development and its disorders, functional genomics, and drug discovery.
Tissue stem cells, such as neural stem cells, gut stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells, function to renew and repair tissues.
Human adult stem cells have been used in medicine since 1968, most notably in bone marrow transplants to treat various blood and bone marrow diseases, blood cancers, and immune disorders.
Cord blood, which is rich in stem cells, can be used as a source of stem cells for transplantations, offering advantages such as a lower risk of carrying infectious diseases and a matched source of stem cells for some patients.
Adult stem cells are limited in their capacity to multiply and are currently the most commonly used type of stem cells for human disease treatment.
Challenges remain in controlling stem cell differentiation and understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in fate decisions during ES cell culture.
Tissue stem cells, such as neural stem cells, gut stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells, have distinct properties and functions in renewing and repairing tissues.
Human adult stem cells have been used in medicine since 1968 and are most notably used in bone marrow transplants to treat various blood and bone marrow diseases, blood cancers, and immune disorders.
Cord blood, which is rich in stem cells, can be used as a source of stem cells for transplantations and offers advantages such as a lower risk of carrying infectious diseases and a matched source of stem cells for some patients.
ES cells can be derived from human cells in vitro and can develop into various cell types, including nerve, astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, hematopoietic stem cells, insulin-producing cells, cardiomyocytes, and hepatocytes.
ES cells have potential applications in biomedical research, including the study of early human development and its disorders, functional genomics, and drug discovery.
Tissue stem cells, such as neural stem cells, gut stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells, function to renew and repair tissues.
ES cells have challenges in controlling their differentiation and understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in fate decisions during ES cell culture.
Despite these challenges, ES cells have important applications in biomedical research and offer potential for disease treatment.
Human adult stem cells, such as those found in bone marrow, have been used in medicine since 1968 and are commonly used to treat various blood and bone marrow diseases, blood cancers, and immune disorders.
Cord blood, which is rich in stem cells, can be used as a source of stem cells for transplantations and offers advantages such as a lower risk of carrying infectious diseases and a matched source of stem cells for some patients.
ES cells can be derived from human cells in vitro and can develop into various cell types, including nerve, astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, hematopoietic stem cells, insulin-producing cells, cardiomyocytes, and hepatocytes.
ES cells have potential applications in biomedical research, including the study of early human development and its disorders, functional genomics, and drug discovery.
Tissue stem cells, such as neural stem cells, gut stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells, function to renew and repair tissues.
ES cells have challenges in controlling their differentiation and understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in fate decisions during ES cell culture.
Human adult stem cells, such as those found in bone marrow, have been used in medicine since 1968 and are commonly used to treat various blood and bone marrow diseases, blood cancers, and immune disorders.
Cord blood, which is rich in stem cells, can be used as a source of stem cells for transplantations and offers advantages such as a lower risk of carrying infectious diseases and a matched source of stem cells for some patients.
ES cells have important applications in biomedical research and offer potential for disease treatment, despite challenges in controlling their differentiation and understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in fate decisions during ES cell culture.
ES cells can give rise to various cell types, including nerve, astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, hematopoietic stem cells, insulin-producing cells, cardiomyocytes, and hepatocytes, among others.
Understanding the microenvironment around stem cells, or "stem cell niches," is essential for their self-renewal and differentiation.
Tissue stem cells, such as neural stem cells, gut stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells, function to renew and repair tissues and have distinct properties and functions.
ES cells have potential applications in biomedical research, including the study of early human development and its disorders, functional genomics, and drug discovery.
Blood stem cells can be used to treat various diseases, including diseases of the blood, bone marrow failure diseases, and certain immunodeficiencies.
Cord blood, which is rich in stem cells, can be used as a source of stem cells for transplantations and offers advantages such as a lower risk of carrying infectious diseases and a matched source of stem cells for some patients.
Adult stem cells, such as those found in bone marrow, have been used in medicine since 1968 and are commonly used to treat various blood and bone marrow diseases, blood cancers, and immune disorders.
Cord blood stem cells can grow robustly in vitro and give rise to mesoderm, neuroectoderm, and endoderm, among other cell types.
Cord blood offers advantages as a source of stem cells for transplantations, such as a lower risk of carrying infectious diseases and a matched source of stem cells for some patients.
ES cells have potential applications in biomedical research, including the study of early human development and its disorders, functional genomics, and drug discovery.
ES cells can give rise to various cell types, including nerve, astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, hematopoietic stem cells, insulin-producing cells, cardiomyocytes, and hepatocytes.
Understanding the microenvironment around stem cells is essential for their self-renewal and differentiation.
Tissue stem cells, such as neural stem cells, gut stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells, function to renew and repair tissues and have distinct properties and functions.
ES cells have potential applications in biomedical research, including the study of early human development and its disorders, functional genomics, and drug discovery.
Adult stem cells, such as those found in bone marrow, have been used in medicine since 1968 and are commonly used to treat various blood and bone marrow diseases, blood cancers, and immune disorders.
Cord blood, which is rich in stem cells, can be used as a source of stem cells for transplantations and offers advantages such as a lower risk of carrying infectious diseases and a matched source of stem cells for some patients.
ES cells can give rise to various cell types, including nerve, astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, hematopoietic stem cells, insulin-producing cells, cardiomyocytes, and hepatocytes.
Understanding the microenvironment around stem cells is essential for their self-renewal and differentiation.
Tissue stem cells, such as neural stem cells, gut stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells, function to renew and repair tissues and have distinct properties and functions.
ES cells have potential applications in biomedical research, including the study of early human development and its disorders, functional genomics, and drug discovery.
Adult stem cells, such as those found in bone marrow, have been used in medicine since 1968 and are commonly used to treat various blood and bone marrow diseases, blood cancers, and immune disorders.
Cord blood, which is

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