Neoplasia PDF

Neoplasia Neoplasia Subject: Neoplasia - general topics. Differentiation This is accomplished by the ability of stem cells to transform to the cells with the morphological and functional characteristics typical of the tissue (eg, oral paraepidermoidalny epithelium, cervical epithelium) ...

Neoplasia Neoplasia Subject: Neoplasia - general topics. Differentiation This is accomplished by the ability of stem cells to transform to the cells with the morphological and functional characteristics typical of the tissue (eg, oral paraepidermoidalny epithelium, cervical epithelium)  STEM CELLS Totipotent (zygote) Pluripotent (stem cell) Multipotent progenitor cells:Hematopoietic stem cells (adult stem cells) from the bone marrow that give rise to red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets – Mesenchymal stem cells (adult stem cells) from the bone marrow that give rise to stromal cells, fat cells, and types of bone cells – Epithelial stem cells (progenitor cells) that give rise to the various types of skin cells – Muscle satellite cells (progenitor cells) that contribute to differentiated muscle tissue Maturation CROSS-TALK Apart from a few exceptions differentiation is not associated with changes in DNA  Metaplasia It is a tissue converting fully mature and differentiated into another - fully mature and differentiated, the appearance of cells morphologically and functionally distinct from its parental tissue. Each variation of tissue-type switching (transdifferentiation (1), metaplasia (2), dysplasia (3) and embryonic stem (ES) transformation (4)) represents an abnormal transition. Metaplasia Good or bad? Metaplazja ADAPTATION Better adaptation to new environmental conditions  Causes of metaplasia: Systemic: a) a deficiency of vitamin A; b) genetically determined dysfunction external secretion glands; Second local: a) chronic inflammation; b) hormonal changes (eg. Estrogen); c) other factors;  I. Epithelial metaplasia: 1. Squamous cell metaplasia - occurs in the covering epithelium: ✸ occurs in cylindrical or glandular epithelium ✸ transitional epithelium 2. Glandular ✸ Metaplasia is a particular form in the bladder epithelium, glandular epithelium with numerous goblet cells ✸ intestinal metaplasia – in stomach (gastritis chronica) ✸ Crohn disease – metaplasia of intestinal crypts in a pyloric type glands (pyloric metaplasia) or duodenal glands (Brunner) 3. Apocrinal 4. ” Adaptive” – eg. Barret’s esophagus Uterus Cervical (glandular) and squamus epithelium Ectropion: Cervical ectropion (or cervical erosion) is a condition in which the central (endocervical) columnar epithelium protrudes out through the external os of the cervix and onto the vaginal portion of the cervix, undergoes squamous metaplasia, and transforms to stratified squamous epithelium. ; as a result of inflammatory processes in ectropion developing of glandular erosion (erosio glandularis colli uteri); Squamus metaplasia Subject: Neoplasia - general topics. Metaplazja chrzęstna w obrębie guza mieszanego ślinianki przyusznej. Squamus metaplasia in endometrium - most often associated with hyperestrogenism.  II. Metaplasia of the connective tissue: - It is a osteo- or chondroplastic metaplasia; - tissue can turn into bone, cartilage or fat; examples: ★ scars, ★ atherosclerosis, ★ myossitis ossificans traumatica ★ myossitis ossificans progressiva (genetical)  Tumor TUMOR = mass of tissue Neoplasm = mass of tissue that grows excessively, and keeps growing even if you remove the stimulus that started it off! Benign tumor = innocent-acting tumor Malignant tumor = evil-acting tumor=cancer  Non-cancer tumors: ◆ Keratoacanthoma ◆ Epulis ◆ Keloid ◆ molluscum contagiosum ◆ Hamartoma ◆ Choristoma ◆ fascitis nodularis pseudosarcomatosa  Hamartoma - is a benign, focal malformation in the tissue of its origin (abnormal amount of normal tissue) Choristoma - form of heterotopia. These tumors contain abnormal amount of normal tissues found in abnormal locations. Hamartoma Neoplasia Outline Tumor nomenclature Definitions Benign tumors Malignant tumors  Defnition of Neoplasia “A neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change” - Willis Genetic changes Autonomous Clonal Neoplasia Outline Tumor nomenclature Definitions Benign tumors Malignant tumors  Nomenclature Neoplasm Benign Malignant Carcinoma Sarcoma  Nomenclature Neoplasm Benign Malignant adenoma angioma rhabdomyoma Carcinoma Sarcoma  Nomenclature Neoplasm Benign Malignant Carcinoma Sarcoma squamous cell carcinoma adenocarcinoma  Nomenclature Neoplasm Benign Malignant Carcinoma Sarcoma angiosarcoma rhabdomyosarcoma  Nomenclature – Benign Tumors -oma = benign neoplasm Mesenchymal tumors – chrondroma: cartilaginous tumor – fibroma: fibrous tumor – osteoma: bone tumor Epithelial tumor – adenoma: tumor forming glands – papilloma: tumor with finger like projections – papillary cystadenoma: papillary and cystic tumor forming glands – polyp: a tumor that projects above a mucosal surface  Malignant Tumors Carcinomas – arise in epithelial tissue adenocarcinoma – malignant tumor of glandular cells squamous cell carcinoma – malignant tumor of squamous cells Sarcomas – arise in mesenchymal tissue chondrosarcoma – malignant tumor of chondrocytes angiosarcoma – malignant tumor of blood vessels rhabdomyosarcoma – malignant tumor of skeletal muscle cells  Know these names! Tissue of origin Benign Malignant Fibrous tissue Fibroma Fibrosarcoma Fat Lipoma Liposarcoma Cartilage Chondroma Chondrosarcoma Bone Osteoma Osteogenic sarcoma Blood vessels Hemangioma Angiosarcoma Mesothelium Mesothelioma Hematopoietic cells Leukemia Lymphoid cells Lymphoma Squamous cell Squamous cell Squamous epithelium papilloma carcinoma Glandular epithelium Adenoma Adenocarcinoma Papillary Papilloma adenocarcinoma Cystadenoma Cystadenocarcinoma Smooth muscle Leiomyoma Leiomyosarcoma Skeletal muscle Rhabdomyoma Rhabdomyosarcoma Melanocytes Nevus Melanoma Benign vs. Malignant  CONCEPT OF MALIGNANCY - Cytologic (atypia) - Histological - Clinical - Biological