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Questions and Answers
What do cells come from according to cell theory?
What do cells come from according to cell theory?
All tumors are malignant and cause serious damage to surrounding tissues.
All tumors are malignant and cause serious damage to surrounding tissues.
False
What is the primary function of stem cells?
What is the primary function of stem cells?
To generate different types of cells in the body
A tumor that can crowd nearby tissues but does not destroy them is called a ______ tumor.
A tumor that can crowd nearby tissues but does not destroy them is called a ______ tumor.
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Which type of stem cell can generate nearly all types of cells in the body?
Which type of stem cell can generate nearly all types of cells in the body?
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Match the following solutions with their definitions:
Match the following solutions with their definitions:
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Osmosis refers to the movement of only water across a membrane.
Osmosis refers to the movement of only water across a membrane.
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Name one environmental carcinogen.
Name one environmental carcinogen.
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What role do villi and microvilli play in the digestive system?
What role do villi and microvilli play in the digestive system?
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The lungs have approximately 150,000 alveoli to aid gas exchange.
The lungs have approximately 150,000 alveoli to aid gas exchange.
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What is the primary function of capillaries in the circulatory system?
What is the primary function of capillaries in the circulatory system?
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The primary greenhouse gas that leads to global warming is __________.
The primary greenhouse gas that leads to global warming is __________.
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Match the following systems with their key functions:
Match the following systems with their key functions:
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How does climate change primarily affect farming in Afar, Ethiopia?
How does climate change primarily affect farming in Afar, Ethiopia?
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Osteoporosis makes bones stronger and less brittle.
Osteoporosis makes bones stronger and less brittle.
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What causes an increase in CO2 levels since the 1800s?
What causes an increase in CO2 levels since the 1800s?
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The system that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart is the __________.
The system that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart is the __________.
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What is the purpose of the greenhouse effect?
What is the purpose of the greenhouse effect?
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Reflexes are voluntary muscle responses to stimuli.
Reflexes are voluntary muscle responses to stimuli.
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Name one disease that affects the respiratory system.
Name one disease that affects the respiratory system.
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The __________ is the largest artery in the body, responsible for carrying oxygenated blood from the heart to the body.
The __________ is the largest artery in the body, responsible for carrying oxygenated blood from the heart to the body.
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Match the following diseases with their respective body systems:
Match the following diseases with their respective body systems:
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Which type of stem cells can become any cell type?
Which type of stem cells can become any cell type?
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Benign tumors spread to other areas of the body.
Benign tumors spread to other areas of the body.
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What is the primary function of red blood cells?
What is the primary function of red blood cells?
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The __________ is the site of gas exchange in the respiratory system.
The __________ is the site of gas exchange in the respiratory system.
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Match the following enzymes to their primary location in the human body:
Match the following enzymes to their primary location in the human body:
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Which cancer treatment uses drugs to kill fast-growing cells?
Which cancer treatment uses drugs to kill fast-growing cells?
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The digestive system includes the liver as a direct component that processes food.
The digestive system includes the liver as a direct component that processes food.
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What role do platelets play in the blood?
What role do platelets play in the blood?
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The __________ system helps regulate body temperature and transports hormones.
The __________ system helps regulate body temperature and transports hormones.
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Match the following parts of the nervous system to their functions:
Match the following parts of the nervous system to their functions:
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What is not a characteristic of cancer cells?
What is not a characteristic of cancer cells?
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Animal cells contain chloroplasts.
Animal cells contain chloroplasts.
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Describe the process of cytokinesis in animal cells.
Describe the process of cytokinesis in animal cells.
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The __________ is the muscle that helps inhale and exhale air.
The __________ is the muscle that helps inhale and exhale air.
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Match the digestive organs with their functions:
Match the digestive organs with their functions:
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Study Notes
Cell Theory
- All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
- Cells are the fundamental units of structure and function in living things.
- Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Types of Tumors
- Benign Tumors: Cells remain clustered together and typically do not seriously harm surrounding tissues. They can, however, physically crowd nearby cells and tissues, impacting normal function.
- Malignant Tumors: Cells form a mass that disrupts the normal function of neighboring cells and tissues. They may destroy surrounding tissues and are cancerous.
- Metastasis: Malignant cancer cells detach from the original tumor and move to other parts of the body, creating new tumors. This is a significant cause of cancer deaths.
Stem Cells
- Multipotent (adult): Stem cells found in adults, they can differentiate into a limited range of cell types (e.g., blood, muscle).
- Pluripotent ("embryonic"): Obtained from the blastocyst stage of embryonic development (around 120 cells from IVF). These stem cells can generate numerous different cell types.
- Totipotent: Fertilized egg (up to the 8-cell stage) which under suitable conditions can yield a viable embryo.
- Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells): Differentiated adult cells that can be reprogrammed to a pluripotent state.
Reasons for Cell Division
- Growth: Cells divide to enable organisms to increase in size by creating more cells.
- Repair: Cells divide to mend damaged or injured tissue.
- Replacement: Cells divide to replace old or worn-out cells.
Cancer Causes
- DNA Mutations: Disruption of the cell cycle due to changes in DNA.
- Environmental Carcinogens: Substances like tobacco smoke and UV radiation.
- Hereditary Factors: Genes that predispose to certain cancers (e.g., breast, colon).
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
- Prokaryotes: Single-celled organisms without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles (e.g., bacteria).
- Eukaryotes: Organisms with cells containing a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (e.g., plants, animals, fungi).
Osmosis and Diffusion
- Diffusion: Movement of particles from high to low concentration.
- Osmosis: Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane.
- Semi-permeable membrane: Allows some substances to pass through while inhibiting others.
- Hypertonic Solution: Higher solute concentration outside the cell compared to inside. Water moves out, causing cell shrinkage.
- Hypotonic Solution: Lower solute concentration outside the cell compared to inside. Water moves in, causing cell swelling or bursting.
- Isotonic Solution: Equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell. Water moves in and out equally, maintaining cell size.
Stem Cells (Definition and Types)
- Definition: Undifferentiated cells capable of dividing and differentiating into specialized cell types.
- Types: Embryonic stem cells (can form any cell type) and adult stem cells (limited to a specific type like blood or muscle)
- Importance: Used in disease research, treatment development, and regeneration of damaged tissue.
Cancer (Definition, Causes, and Traits)
- Definition: Uncontrolled cell growth and division due to mutations.
- Causes: Inherited factors, aging, and harmful substances like smoking, UV light.
- Cancer Cell Traits: Uncontrolled growth, avoidance of immune system, spreading to other areas, tissue damage.
Types of Tumors (Benign and Malignant, Metastasis)
- Metastatic: Cancerous tumors spreading to other body regions.
- Benign: Non-cancerous tumors staying in one location..
- Malignant: Cancerous tumors disrupting neighboring tissue functions.
Detecting and Screening for Cancer
- Methods such as MRI and CT scans.
- ABCDE Rule: Used in identifying potential cancers in moles. (Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter, Evolving)
Cancer Treatments
- Surgery: Removal of tumors (limited by size/accessibility).
- Chemotherapy: Use of drugs to kill rapidly dividing cells (potential for tissue damage).
- Radiation: Damaging cancer cell DNA.
- Biophotonics: Laser-based cancer cell targeting.
Animal and Plant Cells (Similarities and Differences)
- Similarities: Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, and similar processes like mitosis and cellular respiration.
- Differences:
- Animal Cells: Lack a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole; generally rounded.
- Plant Cells: Have a rigid cell wall, chloroplasts for photosynthesis, and a large central vacuole; often rectangular shaped.
Stages of Mitosis
- Interphase: DNA replication, cell's normal functions occur.
- Prophase: Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down, spindle fibers form.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell's center, spindle fibers attach.
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate, pulled to opposite poles.
- Telophase: Chromosomes uncoil, new nuclear envelopes form.
- Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm divides, creating two separate cells (different mechanisms in animal and plant cells).
Enzymes and Enzyme Locations
- Amylase: Found in saliva, digests carbohydrates.
- Pepsin: Located in the stomach, digests proteins.
- Trypsin: Found in the small intestine, continues protein digestion.
- Lipase: Found in the small intestine, digests fats/lipids.
Digestion Process
- Chemical Digestion: Enzymes break down food into absorbable components.
- Mechanical Digestion: Physical breakdown of food to increase surface area for enzymes. (e.g., teeth, stomach churning).
Human Organ Systems
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Digestive:
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Mouth: Chews food, saliva contains amylase.
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Esophagus: Transports food to the stomach.
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Stomach: Mechanical and chemical digestion (acid and enzymes).
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Small Intestine: Nutrient absorption.
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Large Intestine: Water absorption, waste formation.
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Accessory Organs: Assist digestion without touching food.
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Liver: Produces bile.
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Gallbladder: Stores bile.
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Circulatory:
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Heart: Pump for blood.
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Blood: Fluid carrying oxygen, nutrients, and waste.
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Blood Vessels: Arteries, veins, capillaries.
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Blood Components: Blood plasma (90% water), red blood cells (carry oxygen), white blood cells (fight disease), platelets (blood clotting).
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Respiratory:
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Nose/Mouth: Air intake.
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Trachea: Air passage (cartilage rings for support).
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Bronchi: Air conduits into lungs.
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Bronchioles: Smaller branches within the lungs.
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Alveoli: Site of gas exchange (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out).
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Diaphragm: Muscle aiding in breathing.
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Musculoskeletal:
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Bones: Support, protection, mineral storage, blood cell production.
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Ligaments: Connect bones.
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Cartilage: Cushions joints..
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Tendons: Connect muscles to bones.
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Muscles: Contract to cause movement. work in pairs for agonist/antagonist action.
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Nervous:
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Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain, spinal cord; information processing.
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Nerves connecting CNS to body.
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Neurons: Transmit electrical signals.
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Myelin: Fatty covering on some neurons for faster signal transmission.
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Sensory Receptors: Photoreceptors (light), thermoreceptors (temperature), chemoreceptors (chemicals), mechanoreceptors (pressure), nociceptors (pain).
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Spinal Cord: Reflex actions & communication between brain and body.
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Lungs (Respiratory): Large surface area (alveoli) maximizing gas exchange.
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Small Intestine (Digestive): Villi and microvilli increasing absorptive surface area.
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Capillaries (Circulatory): Extensive network facilitating gas, nutrient, and waste exchange.
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Skin (Integumentary): Large surface area allowing for temperature regulation and environmental sensing.
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Brain (Nervous): Convolutions (gyri and sulci) increasing surface area for neuron density and function.
Systems Working Together
- Respiratory and Circulatory: Oxygen delivery to cells and CO2 removal.
- Musculoskeletal: Movement.
- Nervous: Controls and coordinates.
- Digestive and Circulatory: Food breakdown and nutrient transport.
- Gas Exchange in Lungs: Oxygen diffuses into blood; CO2 diffuses out. Alveoli (thin-walled sacs) maximize gas exchange area.
- Circulatory System - Blood Flow: Two paths: Pulmonary (heart to lungs, oxygenation), Systemic (body, oxygen delivery).
Respiratory System Issues
- Tuberculosis (TB): Bacterial lung infection.
- Lung Cancer: Often linked to smoking.
- Vaping: Potential long-term lung damage.
- COVID-19: Respiratory illness caused by a virus.
Musculoskeletal System Issues
- Osteoporosis: Weakened bones due to calcium loss.
- Leukemia: Cancer affecting bone marrow blood production.
Reflexes
- Involuntary, quick muscle responses to stimuli for protection or movement.
Nervous System Diseases/Disorders
- Concussion: Brain injury from trauma, diagnosed by imaging scans.
- Multiple Sclerosis: Immune system attacks myelin. Symptoms involve weakness, mobility issues.
- Paralysis: Severe spinal cord injury leading to movement loss.
Climate Change
- Greenhouse gases: Trap heat in Earth's atmosphere.
- Greenhouse effect: Natural process keeping Earth warm.
- Climate change: Long-term alterations in weather patterns (temperature, rainfall, storms).
- Climate change vs. global warming: Global warming is a cause (rise in Earth's average temperature). Climate change encompasses local effects from these global changes.
- Climate vs. weather: Climate is the long-term average weather; weather is current atmospheric conditions.
- Evidence of Global Warming:
- Increase in CO2 levels from pre-industrial era.
- Ice cores showing CO2 increase linked to industrialized activities.
- Increased CO2 correlates with rising temperatures.
- Climate Change Activities:
- Activities like burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas), deforestation, industrial activities are increasing CO2 concentrations.
- CO2 steadily increased from 280 ppm to over 420 ppm, a high in 800,000 years.
- CO2 traps more heat causing warming, glacier melt, sea-level rise, extreme weather.
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Description
Explore the foundational concepts of cell theory, including the composition of living organisms and the origin of cells. Learn about different types of tumors, their characteristics, and the significance of stem cells in differentiation. This quiz will test your understanding of these vital biological topics.
